Fluid and Electrolytes
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homeostasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Use of diuretics and nasogastric suctioning (unless water and electrolytes are replaced)
🗑
|
||||
| show | water
🗑
|
||||
| show | 60% (50% in adults over 60 years old due to lower levels of muscle mass)
🗑
|
||||
| show | A lean client. Fat tissue is essentially free of water, whereas lean tissue contains a significant amount of water.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Intracellular and extracellular
🗑
|
||||
| Where is intracellular fluid (IFC) found? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intracellular fluid accounts for how much of the body's fluid? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where is extracellular fluid (EFC) found? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1/3
🗑
|
||||
| show | Intravascular and interstitial are the main compartments, but it also includes the Lymph and transcellular fluids.
🗑
|
||||
| Intravascular Fluid accounts for how much ECF and where is it found? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Accounts for approximately 75%, and it surrounds the cells.
🗑
|
||||
| Examples of transcellular fluid. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 40 liters
🗑
|
||||
| show | 25 liters
🗑
|
||||
| How many liters does extracellular fluid account for in the body? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 3 liters
🗑
|
||||
| How many liters does interstitial and transcellular fluid account for in the body? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Positively charged ions ("t" = +)
🗑
|
||||
| Give four examples of cations | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are anions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Give four examples of anions | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the composition of blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diffusion in terms of of body fluids. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Specific kind of diffusion in which water moves across cell membranes. Water moves toward the higher concentration of solutes in an attempt to equalize the concentrations of both water and solute.
🗑
|
||||
| What is osmolality? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Has the same osmolality as ECF. Normal saline, 0.9% NaCl or Lactated Ringers, 5% Dextrose in water.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Has higher osmolality than ECF. 3% NaCl, TPN, D50.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Has lower osmolality than ECF. 0.33% NaCl, 0.45% NaCl
🗑
|
||||
| What should you look for in a patient receiving a hypertonic solution? Why would this happen? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What should you look for in a patient receiving a hypotonic solution? Why would this happen? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The power of a solution to pull water across a semipermiable membrane due to concentration levels. It opposes and balances the force of hydrostatic pressure.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The pressure that results in the movement of the fluid and solutes out of a compartment and is the difference between the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic pressure
🗑
|
||||
| show | Process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrostatic pressure definition | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens when hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure in the body? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Active transport definition | show 🗑
|
||||
| Example of active transport | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Thirst center in the hypothalamus that triggers the thirst mechanism.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Osmotic pressure of body fluids, vascular volume, and the release of agiotensin
🗑
|
||||
| Angiotensin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Urine, feces, and insensible losses
🗑
|
||||
| Average daily fluid intake for an adult | show 🗑
|
||||
| Average daily output for an adult | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Occur through the skin and the lungs. They are usually not noticeable and cannot be measured.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Required to maintain normal body function. Kidneys must excrete ~500 mL per day to eliminate metabolic waste. Respirations, skin, and feces for temperature regulation and waste elimination.
🗑
|
||||
| How kidneys help maintain homeostasis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What causes ADH to be produced or suppressed | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Maintain fluid balance by responding to changes in renal perfusion. Net effect of the system is to increase blood volume (and renal perfusion) through sodium and water retention.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Decreased pressure in kidneys --> Release of Renin (causes conversion of angiotensisogen) --> angiotensin I (converted by ACE) --> Angiotensin II --> Stimulates release of Aldosterone
🗑
|
||||
| What is ACE and what does it do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Acts directly on the nephrons to promote sodium and water retention and stimulates the release of aldosterone.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron.
🗑
|
||||
| Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF). Where it comes from and why? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Causes nephrons to waste sodium and acts as a potent diuretic, thus decreasing blood volume. Inhibits thirst, reducing fluid intake.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Charged ions capable of conducting electricity, present in all body fluids and fluid compartments.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid-base regulation, facilitating enzyme reactions, transmitting neuromuscular reactions.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Most abundant cation in ECF. Normal serum levels are 135-145 mEq/L. When reabsorbed, chloride and water follow, thus maintaining ECF volume. High levels in bacon, ham, processed cheese, table salt.
🗑
|
||||
| Potassium | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Most abundant in the body. 99% stored in bones. 1 % in serum. Vital for neuromuscular funtion (muscle contraction/relaxation, and cardiac function). Normal serum range is 8.5-10.5 mg/dL. Highest levels in milk and milk products.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Second most abundant cation. Maintains neuromuscular and cardiac function, aids in production of ATP, and bone strength. Normal ECF level: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L. Richest in cereal grains, nuts, dried fruit, legumes, leafy veggies.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Major anion of ECF. Functions with Na+ to regulate osmolality and blood volume. Normal is 95-108 mEq/L. Major component of gastric juice. Helps regulate acid-base balance. Found in foods with Na+.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Major anion of ICF. Normal is 2.5-4.5 mg/dL. Essential for muscle, nerve, and RBC function. Higher in children due to growth hormone. Absorbed in intestines. Rich in meat, fish, poultry, milk products, and legumes.
🗑
|
||||
| Bicarbonate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factors affecting fluid and electrolyte balance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Infants loose more fluid because of immature kidneys, higher respiratory rate. Older adult's thirst response is often diminished, and nephrons become less able to conserve water. These are normal changes that risk dehydration.
🗑
|
||||
| How sex affects fluid and electrolyte balance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Fluid losses through sweating are increased. Both electrolytes and water are lost through sweating. Sports drinks are recommended because they replace both.
🗑
|
||||
| How lifestyle affects fluid and electrolyte balance | show 🗑
|
||||
| Two basic types of fluid imbalances | show 🗑
|
||||
| Isotonic imbalance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Loss or gain of only water. Osmolality is altered. Hyperosmolar loss of water and Hypo-osmolar gain of water (Dehydration and Overhydration)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Occurs when body loses both water and electrolytes from ECF in similar proportions. A.K.A. hypovolemia because fluid is initially lost from the intravascular compartment.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Low BP. High HR. Increased thirst. Little urine production. Increased fatigue.
🗑
|
||||
| Third space syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mild, moderate, and sever weight loss/gain percentages | show 🗑
|
||||
| Isotonic - Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is edema? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is pitting edema? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hyperosmolar fluid imbalance. Water is lost from the body, leaving excess sodium. Osmolality increases. Water is drawn into the vessels from interstitial space and cells.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hypo-osmolar fluid imbalance. Water is gained in excess of electrolytes. Osmolality decreases. Water is drawn into the cells causing them to swell. A.K.A. water intoxication.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Sodium deficit. Less than 135 mEq/L. Common electrolyte imbalance. Brain and nervous system affected by cellular edema. Severe (<115 mEq/L can lead to coma).
🗑
|
||||
| show | Excess sodium. Greater than 145 mEq/L. Cells become dehydrated.
🗑
|
||||
| Hypokalemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hyperkalemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypocalcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Caused by calcium deficit. Contraction of the facial muscles in response to tapping the facial nerve in front of the ear.
🗑
|
||||
| Trousseau's sign | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypercalemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypomagnesemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypermagnesemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Phosphate deficit. Less than 2.5 mEq/L. Phosphate shifts from ECF into cells, or it binds to other substances in the GI tract and is eliminated.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Phosphate excess. Greater than 4.5 mEq/L. Phosphate shift out of cells into ECF, renal failure, or ingestion of excess phosphate are possible causes.
🗑
|
||||
| Hypochloremia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Chloride excess. Greater than 108 mEq/L. Excess replacement of sodium chloride or potassium chloride lead to this. May cause weakness, lethargy, dysrhythmias, or coma.
🗑
|
||||
| Significance of hematocrit (Hct) lab test for fluid and electrolytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Significance of an osmolality lab test for fluid and electrolytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Can be measured quickly and easily by nursing personnel. If it is high (above 1.030) it indicate FVD. HIGH IS DRY! If it is low (below 1.005) it indicates FVE.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Urine concentration that correlates with urine osmolality. Normal range is 1.005-1.030 (usually 1.010-1.025)
🗑
|
||||
| Urine pH normal levels | show 🗑
|
||||
| Significance of a urine pH lab test for fluid and electrolytes. | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do the kidneys do to correct metabolic acidosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Urine pH should increase because hydrogen ions should be retained and biocarbonate ions should be excreted.
🗑
|
||||
| Significance of an Arterial Blood Gasses (ABGs) lab test for fluid and electrolytes. | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
Jnford15
Popular Nursing sets