Exam 4 Study Guide
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| What is "cell respiration"? | a series of chemical reactions in cells that breaks down nutrients and converts the potential energy stored in covalent bonds into chemical potential energy stored in ATP
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| What is the function of ATP? | stores energy in the covalent bonds that link phosphate groups
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| What are ATP and ADP? | ATP=energy currency of cell
ADP=converted ATP during cell metabolism
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| What do ATP and ADP stand for? | ATP=Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate
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| How are ATP and ADP different? | ATP has 3 phosphates and ADP only has 2 because the 3rd one was broken
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| Which has more potential energy, ATP or ADP? | ATP
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| How is ATP used by a cell? | to power all cellular activities such as movement of cells and muscles
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| What molecules are needed to generate ATP? | sugar(ribose), adenine, and phosphate
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| Where does energy come from to make ATP? | from the food we eat and a phosphate
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| What is "glycolysis? | an anaerobic process (doesn't use O2) in the cytoplasm (breaks down glucose)
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| What are the products of glycolysis? | 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 ATP molecules
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| How much ATP is produced by glycolysis? | 2
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| What happens to the products of glycolysis if O2 is available? | its followed by 2 processes in the mitochondria: The Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
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| What is "aerobic cellular respiration"? | requires O2 to create ATP
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| What is "aerobic cellular respiration" function? | to break down pyruvate, strip its covalent bonds, oxygen picks up low energy electrons (sometime comes out as hydrogen peroxide instead of H2O)
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| What organelle in the eukaryotic cell performs aerobic cellular respiration? | Mitochondrion (looks like a jelly bean)
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| What does "aerobic" mean? | requiring air or oxygen
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| What is the chemical formula that summarizes aerobic cellular respiration? | C6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2(oxygen) + 36 ADP's(ADP+P) -> 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) + 36 ATP's
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| What are the reactants in aerobic cellular respiration? | oxygen gas and glucose
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| What are the products of aerobic aerobic cellular respiration? | CO2, H2O, and ATP molecules (energy)
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| How much ATP is produced by aerobic cellular respiration? | 36-38
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| Which has more potential energy- glucose or ATP? Why? | Glucose because its a larger molecule that has many high energy bonds which store energy.
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| What product of cellular respiration does oxygen produce when it picks up electrons and H+ ions? | water (H2O)
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| What are oxygen free-radicals? | oxygen ions with 1 or 2 extra electrons
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| What do oxygen free-radicals do to cells? | very destructive and can cause damage to DNA and proteins
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| What do antioxidants do and what are some examples of antioxidants? | can absorb electrons from oxygen free radicals, eliminating these free radicals and their potential for damage.
Ex: beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, selenium, vitamin A,C & E.
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| What does "anaerobic" mean? | requiring an absence of free oxygen
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| What is "lactic acid (lactate) fermentation"? | is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.
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| What product is produced by lactic acid fermentation? | NAD+ (recycled) or NADH
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| What type of cells in your body perform lactic acid fermentation and why? | skeletal muscle cells because oxygen levels are low during exercise
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| What is your body's response to exercise? | increasing blood supply to muscles( deliver more oxygen) and increase the number of muscle cell's capacity to perform aerobic cellular respiration
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| What other organisms perform lactic acid fermentation? | Bacteria
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| What kinds of foods are made from lactic acid fermentation? | milk, sour cream, cheese, sauerkraut, yeast
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| What is "alcohol fermentation"? | biological process that converts sugars into cellular energy producing ethanol and CO2 as a side effect.
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| What types of cells perform alcohol fermentation? | yeast
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| How do we use those products in food and beverage preparation? | CO2 creates bubbles in bread making it rise and
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