16 17 & 18.2
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| evolution | change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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| fossil | preserved remains or traces of ancient organsims
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| artificial selection | selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring
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| adaptation | heritable characteristics that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
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| fitness | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment study of past and present distribution of organisms
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| biogeography | study of past and present distribution of organisms
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| homologous structure | similar structures that are shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor
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| analogous structure | body parts that share a common function, but not structure
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| vestigial structure | structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function
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| gene pool | all the genes, including all alleles for each gene, that are present in a population
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| allele frequency | number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool as a percentage of the total occurrence of all alleles for that gene pool
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| polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes
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| single-gene trait | trait controlled by one gene that has two alleles
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| directional selection | form of natural selection in which individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
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| stabilizing selection | form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve
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| disruptive selection | natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve
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| genetic drift | random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrence that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population
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| bottleneck effect | a change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
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| founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
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| genetic equilibrium | situation in which allele frequencies in a population remain the same
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| Hardy-Weinburg principle | principle that states that allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change
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| sexual selection | type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
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| species | a groups of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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| speciation | formation of a new species
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| reproductive isolation | separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate two separate species
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| behavioral isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding
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| geographic isolation | forms of reproductive isolation which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies
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| temporal isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduce at different times
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