Urinary Study Guide
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| What are the four components of the urinary system? | Two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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| Are the kidneys involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? | Yes
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| What stimulus causes the kidneys to produce erythropoeitin? | Low blood oxygen levels
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| What effect does erythropoeitin have on the red bone marrow? | It stimulates it to increase RBC formation
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| What stimulus causes the kidneys to produce renin? | Low B/P
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| What gland rests on the superior side of the kidneys? | Adrenal gland
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| Why are the kidneys considered to be retroperitoneal? | Because they are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum
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| What are the two general regions of the sectioned kidney? | The outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla
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| What is the structure in the kidney that collects the urine and delivers it to the ureter? | Calyces
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| What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron
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| Name the 5 parts of the nephron | 1: Glomerulus
2: Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
3: Proximal convoluted tubule
4: Distal convoluted tubule
5: Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
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| Which two parts of the nephron make up the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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| Which three parts of the nephron make up the renal tubule? | PCT, loop of Henle, DCT
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| Describe the glomerulus: | A tangled mass of capillaries
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| Which vessels supply the glomerulus? | Afferent arterioles
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| Which vessels carry blood from the glomerulus? | Efferent arterioles
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| Give two reasons why the glomerulus is especially leaky: | The renal artery branches off of the aorta, so it is under maximal pressure; they are fenestrated capillaries
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| What components of the blood can cross the glomerulus? | Plasma and dissolved substances
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| What components cannot cross the glomerulus? | Erythrocytes and large plasma proteins
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| Where is the glomerular capsule located? | It lies directly around/over the glomerulus
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| What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of the Bowman's capsule? | The internal visceral layer is permeable, and the external parietal layer is impermeable
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| What are the cells called that make up the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule? | Podocytes
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| What do pedicels of podocytes do? | Wrap around the glomerular capillaries
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| What are spaces between pedicels called? | Filtration slits
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| What are the three layers of the filtration membrane? | 1> endothelium of glomerular capillaries, 2. the basement membrane of glomerular capillaries, 3. visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
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| When does the blood plasma start to become "filtrate?" | Once it has crossed the filtration membrane
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| Where in the kidney is the PCT found? | Cortex
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| What are the three sections of the nephron loop? | Descending limb, hairpin turn, and ascending limb
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| Which part of the nephron loop heads into the medulla? | Descending limb
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| Where in the kidney is the distal convoluted tubule found? | Cortex
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| What structure does the DCT lead to? | The collecting tubule
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| What structure do the collecting tubules and collecting ducts lead to? | Renal pelvis
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| What structure does the renal pelvis lead to? | Ureters
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| How much of the cardiac output goes to the kidneys? | 20-25%
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| What are the two capillary beds that the efferent arterioles lead to? | Peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta
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| What structure do the peritubular capillaries associate with? | Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
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| What structure do the vasa recta associate with? | Nephron loop
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| What are the three processes of urine formation? | Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
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| What is filtration? | BLood plasma moves out through the glomerulus and moves into Bowman's capsule, crosses the capsular space
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| What is reabsorption? | Movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the capillaries. All vital nutrients and most H2O gets reabsorbed
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| What is secretion? | The movement of certain molecules out of th eperitubular capillaries and the vasa recta, directly into the tubules of the nephron.
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| Does secretion require ATP? | Yes
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| What type of transport does secretion utilize? | Active transport
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| How much filtrate is produced daily? | 180L
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| Where in the nephron does most reabsorption of nutrients occur? | PCT
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| Does each nutrient have its own transport protein? | Yes
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| DO many proteins cross from the blood plasma into the kidney tubules? | No
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| How much of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed? | 100%
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| How much of the filtered water is reabsorbed in the PCT? | 65%
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| Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water? | Descending limb
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| Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water? | Ascending limb
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| Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to sodium? | Descending limb
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| Which limb actively pumps sodium out of the tubule? | Ascending limb
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| This system creates a very hypertonic environment in which part of the kidney? | Medulla
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| How do the vasa recta capillaries travel with respect to the nephron loop? | In the opposite direction to the fluid in the loop
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| Why is it important that the vasa recta capillaries travel in the opposite direction to the fluid of the loop? | If they ran in the same direction, the concentration gradients would be diluted
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| What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts? | Makes them more permeable to H2O
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| What effect does aldosterone have on the collecting ducts? | Sodium reabsorption
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| Does atrial natriuretic peptide cause water to be reabsorbed by the body or eliminated in the urine? | Eliminated in the urine
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| If a molecule such as a drug is actively secreted into the urine to remove it form the body, where in the nephron does this occur? | PCT
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| What is the minimum daily requirement of water that the kidneys require to eliminate wastes? | 0.5L
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| Which structures conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder? | Ureters
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| What type of epithelium do the ureters have? | Transitional
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| What are the three points that define the trigone of the bladder? | Two ureter openings and the urethral opening
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| What is the name given to the three layers of smooth muscle of the bladder? | Muscularis
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| What type of epithelium does the bladder have? | Transitional
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| What structure conducts urine to the exterior of the body from the bladder? | Urethra
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| How many sphincters does the urethra have? | Two
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| Which one is voluntary? | External urethral sphincter
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| Which one is involuntary? | Internal urethral sphincter
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