Vocabulary
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| Chromosomes | in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA.
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| histone | a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells.
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| chromatid | one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis.
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| centromere | the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis.
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| chromatin | the material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur.
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| sex chromosome | one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual.
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| autosome | any chromosome that Is not a sex chromosome
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| homologous chromosome | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis.
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| karyotype | a micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase; a graphical display that shows an individual's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size
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| diploid | a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes
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| haploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that had only one set of unpaired chromosomes.
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| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size.
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| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes.
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| asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
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| meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
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| gamete | a haploid reproductive cell that unites another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote.
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| interphase | a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins.
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| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasma of a cell; follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis.
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| prophase | the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope.
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| telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes.
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| cell plate | the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two
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| spindle fiber | one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes.
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| metaphase | one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator.
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| anaphase | a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate
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| synapsis | the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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| tetrad | the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis.
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| crossing-over | the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination.
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| genetic recombination | the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents.
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| independent assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes.
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| spermatogenesis | the process by which male gametes form.
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| oogenesis | the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum.
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| polar body | a short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis.
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| sexual reproduction | reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite.
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