Unit XI Oxygenation
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| Intrapleural pressure | Pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs and is always slightly negative in relation to atmospheric pressure.
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| Intrapulmonary pressue | Pressure within the lungs that always equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
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| Atelectasis | Collapsed alveoli in a portion of the lung.
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| Surfactant | Lipoprotein produced by specialized alveolar cells that acts like a detergent, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Without this, lungs collapse.
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| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | Oxygen-carrying red pigment in RBCs
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| Oxyhemoglobin | Compound of oxygen and hemoglobin
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| Torr | Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)
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| PO^2 | Partial Pressure of Oxygen
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| Partial Pressure | Pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture according to its concentration in the mixture.
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| PaO^2 | Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Simply PO^2 is commonly used for this type of partial pressure)
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| PvO^2 | Partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood
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| Factors that affect binding/releasing of hemoglobin | Partial pressure as oxygen diffuses from capillary blood into tissues, and blood pH.
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| What percentage of oxygen binds loosely with hemoglobin? | 97%
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| What happens to the small amount of oxygen that does not bind to hemoglobin? | It is dissolved and transported in the plasma as the PaO^2
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| Normal PaO^2 | 100 mmHg (100 torr)
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| Normal PvO^2 | 60 mmHg (60 torr)
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| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells (RBCs)
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| Hematocrit (Hct) | Amount of blood that are erythrocytes
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| How many Hgb molecules in one RBC? | Up to 300
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| Make up of a Hgb molecule | 2 pairs of polypeptide chains (globin); 4 heme groups that contain iron and have a strong attraction to oxygen
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| Anemia | Decreased number of RBCs
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| Normal Hct | 40% - 54% in men (about 5 million per cubic meter) and 37% - 50% in women (about 4.5 million per cubic meter)
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| Iron | Essential element in formation of Hgb
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| Breathing patterns term | Rate, volume, rhythm, and relative ease or effort of respiration.
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| Eupnea | Normal respiration. Quiet, rhythmic, and effortless.
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| Tachypnea | Rapid respirations. Seen with fevers, metabolic acidosis, pain, and hypoxemia.
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| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow respiratory rate. Seen in clients woh have taken drugs such as morphine or sedatives, who have metabolic acidosis, or increased intracranial pressure.
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| Apnea | Absence of any breathing.
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| Hypoventilation | Inadequate alveolar ventilation. Caused by slow or shallow breathing, or both. Leads to increased levels of CO^2 and low levels of O^2.
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| Hyperventilation | Increased movement of air into and out of the lungs. Rate and depth of respiration increases and more CO^2 is eliminated than is produced.
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| Kussmaul's breathing | Type of hyperventilation by which the body attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acids by lowing off acid in the form of CO^2.
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| Two irregular rhthms | Cheyne-Stokes respirations and Biot's (cluster) respirations
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| Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Marked rhythmic waxing or waning for respirations. Can be deep or shallow with short periods of apnea. Caused by chronic disease, intracranial pressure, or drug overdose.
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| Biot's (cluster) respirations | Shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with CNS disorder.
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| Orthopnea | Inability to breathe easily unless sitting up-right or standing.
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| Dyspnea | Difficulty breathing or feeling "short of breath (SOB)"
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| Sputum | Coughed up material
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| Hypoxemia | Reduced oxygen levels in the blood.
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| Hyopxia | Insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body.
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| Cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation.
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| Tidal Volume (Vt) | Volume inhaled and exhaled during normal quiet breathing.
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