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Theory Test IV
Unit XI Oxygenation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intrapleural pressure | Pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs and is always slightly negative in relation to atmospheric pressure. |
| Intrapulmonary pressue | Pressure within the lungs that always equalizes with atmospheric pressure. |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed alveoli in a portion of the lung. |
| Surfactant | Lipoprotein produced by specialized alveolar cells that acts like a detergent, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Without this, lungs collapse. |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | Oxygen-carrying red pigment in RBCs |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Compound of oxygen and hemoglobin |
| Torr | Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg) |
| PO^2 | Partial Pressure of Oxygen |
| Partial Pressure | Pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture according to its concentration in the mixture. |
| PaO^2 | Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Simply PO^2 is commonly used for this type of partial pressure) |
| PvO^2 | Partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood |
| Factors that affect binding/releasing of hemoglobin | Partial pressure as oxygen diffuses from capillary blood into tissues, and blood pH. |
| What percentage of oxygen binds loosely with hemoglobin? | 97% |
| What happens to the small amount of oxygen that does not bind to hemoglobin? | It is dissolved and transported in the plasma as the PaO^2 |
| Normal PaO^2 | 100 mmHg (100 torr) |
| Normal PvO^2 | 60 mmHg (60 torr) |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Amount of blood that are erythrocytes |
| How many Hgb molecules in one RBC? | Up to 300 |
| Make up of a Hgb molecule | 2 pairs of polypeptide chains (globin); 4 heme groups that contain iron and have a strong attraction to oxygen |
| Anemia | Decreased number of RBCs |
| Normal Hct | 40% - 54% in men (about 5 million per cubic meter) and 37% - 50% in women (about 4.5 million per cubic meter) |
| Iron | Essential element in formation of Hgb |
| Breathing patterns term | Rate, volume, rhythm, and relative ease or effort of respiration. |
| Eupnea | Normal respiration. Quiet, rhythmic, and effortless. |
| Tachypnea | Rapid respirations. Seen with fevers, metabolic acidosis, pain, and hypoxemia. |
| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow respiratory rate. Seen in clients woh have taken drugs such as morphine or sedatives, who have metabolic acidosis, or increased intracranial pressure. |
| Apnea | Absence of any breathing. |
| Hypoventilation | Inadequate alveolar ventilation. Caused by slow or shallow breathing, or both. Leads to increased levels of CO^2 and low levels of O^2. |
| Hyperventilation | Increased movement of air into and out of the lungs. Rate and depth of respiration increases and more CO^2 is eliminated than is produced. |
| Kussmaul's breathing | Type of hyperventilation by which the body attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acids by lowing off acid in the form of CO^2. |
| Two irregular rhthms | Cheyne-Stokes respirations and Biot's (cluster) respirations |
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Marked rhythmic waxing or waning for respirations. Can be deep or shallow with short periods of apnea. Caused by chronic disease, intracranial pressure, or drug overdose. |
| Biot's (cluster) respirations | Shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with CNS disorder. |
| Orthopnea | Inability to breathe easily unless sitting up-right or standing. |
| Dyspnea | Difficulty breathing or feeling "short of breath (SOB)" |
| Sputum | Coughed up material |
| Hypoxemia | Reduced oxygen levels in the blood. |
| Hyopxia | Insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body. |
| Cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation. |
| Tidal Volume (Vt) | Volume inhaled and exhaled during normal quiet breathing. |
Created by:
Jnford15
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