teratogens
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| Most susceptible for teratogenic effects | 3-8 weeks
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| Before 3 weeks effect:After 8 weeks: | Before 3 weeks: all-or-none, after 8 weeks: growth and function are affected
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| Alcohol | fetal alcohol syndrome, mental retardation
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| ACE inhibitors | Renal damage
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| Cocaine | abnormal fetal development and addication, placental abruption
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| Diethylstilbestrol (DES) | Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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| Iodide (lack/excess) | congenital goiter, hypothyroidism
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| Vitamin A (excess) | Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions, birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)
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| Thalidomide | Limb defects (flipper limbs)
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| Smoking (nicotine, CO) | Pre-term labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD
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| X-rays, anticonvulsants | multiple anomalies
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| Warfarin | bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion
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| Tetracyclines | discolored teeth
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| Alkylating agents | absence of digits, multiple anomalies
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| aminoglycosides | CN VIII toxicity
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| Folate antagonists | NTD
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| Fetal alcohol syndrome | pre/post natal developmental retardation, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, facial abnormalities, limb dislocation, heart/lung fistuals. Mechanism may include inhibition of cell migration.
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