Biology of Cells Chapter 7 Notecards
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| Amphipathic | contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
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| Phospholipids | Make up plasma membrane, allows for selective permeability, amphipathic, want to escape from water, head (hydrophilic) and tail (hydrophobic), can move and flip
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| Fluid Mosaic | membrane is mostly phospholipids with a "mosaic" of proteins in it
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| Lateral Movement | Drifting of phospholipids and proteins within the same layer, happens about 100,000,000 times per second
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| Flip-flop movement | Phospholipids and proteins move from one bilayer to the other, RARE, about once per month
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| Movement and Temperature | less movement = colder temperature = less fluidity
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| Proteins | determine most of the membrane's specific functions
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| Peripheral proteins | bound to the surface of the membrane
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| Integral proteins | penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane, has to be hydrophobic if it is in the hydrophobic membrane core
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| Transmembrane proteins | span the entire membrane
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| Alpha helix | crosses over the entire membrane
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| Functions of membrane proteins | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attatchment to cytoskeleton and ECM
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| Carbohydrates | allow cell to cell recognition
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| Glycolipids (Sugar fats) | sugar is COVALENTLY bonded to lipids
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| Glycoproteins (sugar proteins) | sugar is COVALENTLY bonded to proteins
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| Cholesterol | inserted between tails of phospholipids, can alter membrane fluidity, serves as buffer for temperature, prevents solidification
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| Selective permeability | hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules pass through hydrophobic bilayer easily, hydrophilic cannot cross easily so they are aided by transport proteins
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| Transport proteins | allow passage of hydrophilic substances, all are transmembrane proteins
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| Channel protein | provide a hydrophilic channel through the protein which can be gated
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| Aquaporins | passage of water through channel proteins
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| Ion channels | passage of ions through channel proteins
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| Gated channels | open or close in response to a stimulus through channel proteins
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| Carrier proteins | binds to a specific molecule and carries the protein from top of the membrane to the bottom and let it go
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| Membrane (solute) transport | molecules in solution move randomly causing mixing, 2 types: passive and active
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| Concentration | amount of solute in a solvent
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| Concentration Gradient | more solute in one part of the solvent than another
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| Active transport | energy needed for this transport (specifically ATP) to move solutes against their concentration gradients, raises active potential, requires transport proteins
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| Passive transport | no energy needed due to diffusion
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| Simple diffusion | transports solutes through membrane which eventually eliminates concentration gradient
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| Facilitated Diffusion | transports solutes through transport proteins
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane, water moves from high to low concentration but solutes move from low to high concentration
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| Tonicity | ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water due to osmosis
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| Isotonic solution | equal solutes inside and outside the cells so no change in volume
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| Hypertonic Solution | higher solute in solution so water flows out of the cell and the volume of the cell decreases
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| Hypotonic solution | higher solute in the cell so water flows into the cell and the volume of the cell increases
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| Osmoregulate | when organisms regulate water balance
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| Plasmolysis | when a cell membrane pulls away from a cell wall due to hypertonic solutions
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| Flaccid cell | happens in an isotonic solution with a cell with a cell wall, no water movement causes cell to become flaccid
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| Cotransport | active transport of a solute drives transport of another solution
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| Uniport | moves only 1 way (in or out)
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| Symport | moves 2 only 1 way (in or out)
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| Antiport | one moves in and one moves out
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| Bulk transport | requires ATP to move larges molecules in bulk across the membrane via vesicles
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| Exocytosis | transports substances OUT of the cell
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| Endocytosis | transports substances INTO the cell
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