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Biology of Cells 7
Biology of Cells Chapter 7 Notecards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amphipathic | contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| Phospholipids | Make up plasma membrane, allows for selective permeability, amphipathic, want to escape from water, head (hydrophilic) and tail (hydrophobic), can move and flip |
| Fluid Mosaic | membrane is mostly phospholipids with a "mosaic" of proteins in it |
| Lateral Movement | Drifting of phospholipids and proteins within the same layer, happens about 100,000,000 times per second |
| Flip-flop movement | Phospholipids and proteins move from one bilayer to the other, RARE, about once per month |
| Movement and Temperature | less movement = colder temperature = less fluidity |
| Proteins | determine most of the membrane's specific functions |
| Peripheral proteins | bound to the surface of the membrane |
| Integral proteins | penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane, has to be hydrophobic if it is in the hydrophobic membrane core |
| Transmembrane proteins | span the entire membrane |
| Alpha helix | crosses over the entire membrane |
| Functions of membrane proteins | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attatchment to cytoskeleton and ECM |
| Carbohydrates | allow cell to cell recognition |
| Glycolipids (Sugar fats) | sugar is COVALENTLY bonded to lipids |
| Glycoproteins (sugar proteins) | sugar is COVALENTLY bonded to proteins |
| Cholesterol | inserted between tails of phospholipids, can alter membrane fluidity, serves as buffer for temperature, prevents solidification |
| Selective permeability | hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules pass through hydrophobic bilayer easily, hydrophilic cannot cross easily so they are aided by transport proteins |
| Transport proteins | allow passage of hydrophilic substances, all are transmembrane proteins |
| Channel protein | provide a hydrophilic channel through the protein which can be gated |
| Aquaporins | passage of water through channel proteins |
| Ion channels | passage of ions through channel proteins |
| Gated channels | open or close in response to a stimulus through channel proteins |
| Carrier proteins | binds to a specific molecule and carries the protein from top of the membrane to the bottom and let it go |
| Membrane (solute) transport | molecules in solution move randomly causing mixing, 2 types: passive and active |
| Concentration | amount of solute in a solvent |
| Concentration Gradient | more solute in one part of the solvent than another |
| Active transport | energy needed for this transport (specifically ATP) to move solutes against their concentration gradients, raises active potential, requires transport proteins |
| Passive transport | no energy needed due to diffusion |
| Simple diffusion | transports solutes through membrane which eventually eliminates concentration gradient |
| Facilitated Diffusion | transports solutes through transport proteins |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane, water moves from high to low concentration but solutes move from low to high concentration |
| Tonicity | ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water due to osmosis |
| Isotonic solution | equal solutes inside and outside the cells so no change in volume |
| Hypertonic Solution | higher solute in solution so water flows out of the cell and the volume of the cell decreases |
| Hypotonic solution | higher solute in the cell so water flows into the cell and the volume of the cell increases |
| Osmoregulate | when organisms regulate water balance |
| Plasmolysis | when a cell membrane pulls away from a cell wall due to hypertonic solutions |
| Flaccid cell | happens in an isotonic solution with a cell with a cell wall, no water movement causes cell to become flaccid |
| Cotransport | active transport of a solute drives transport of another solution |
| Uniport | moves only 1 way (in or out) |
| Symport | moves 2 only 1 way (in or out) |
| Antiport | one moves in and one moves out |
| Bulk transport | requires ATP to move larges molecules in bulk across the membrane via vesicles |
| Exocytosis | transports substances OUT of the cell |
| Endocytosis | transports substances INTO the cell |
Created by:
cassiepasulka
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