Biology
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| Cell Definintion | smallest of life
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| Animal Cell Characteristics | mitochondria, small vacuole, cell membrane
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| Plant Cell Characteristics | Chloroplast, large vacuole, cell wall
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| Surface area to Volume ratio | more surface are, less volume results in a high surface to area volume
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| Eukaryotic Characteristics | Nucleus, compartmentalization, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton
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| Prokayrotic Characterictics | Nucleoid region, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytosol
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| Cell characteristics | Ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, membrane
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| Proteomes Definition | Protein DNA
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| Proteomes | the protein DNA determines the cell structure and function
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| Cytoskeleton funtions | cell shape internal organization, intracellular transport, movement
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| Cytoskeleton features | actin (microfilaments), intern=mediate filaments, microfilaments (cilia, flagella and centrioles)
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| Nucleus functions | contain DNA (codes for proteins)
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| Nuclear features | Nuclear membrane (double layered and endomembrane system)
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| Ribosmes | site of proteinsysnthesis
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| Ribosome locations | assembled in nucleus, free in cytoplasm
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| Endomembrane System | organelles
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| Rough ER | sorts and folds proPteins, inserts proteins into ER, glycosalation
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| Smooth ER | continuous with Rough ER, synthesis and modification of lipids
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| ER | network of membranes, encloses lumen
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| Golgi | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion
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| Lysosmes | phagocytosis (cell eating other cell), autophagy (cell eating self with bad stuff)
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| apoptosis | cell death
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| Vacuoles | stores waste/toxic compounds, stores and pigments
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| Peroxisomes | contains specific digestive enzymes including catalase, breaks large mlecules into lipids, breaks into toxic hydrogen peroxide
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| Mitchchondria | make ATP, outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix, contain their own DNA
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| Choloplasts | plastids, plants and some protists, photosynthesis, contains their own DNA, divide by binary fission
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| PCD | (Cilia) chronic bronchitis, sinitus, pneumonia, hearing loss
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| Goucher's | (Lysosomes) enlarged liver/spleen, anemia, fatigue, impaired clotting, bruising, fatty deposits
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| CF | (Plasme membrane) thick mucous in lungs, salty sweat, lung infections, lack of moisture in lungs
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| ALD | (Peroxisomes) lethargic, decreased blood sugar, nervous system deteriorates, fatty acid build up
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| Virus | RNA and DNA, only reproduces inside other cells
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| Bacteria | circular DNA, asexual reproduction
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| Protozons | linear DNA, sexual and a sexual reprouction
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| Membranes | semifluid, most lipids can more laterally
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| Factors affecting fluidity | length of fatty acid tails (shorter means longer), Double bonds int he actyl tails (more unsat more fluid), presence in (stabilizes membranes)
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| Intergral proteins | found in cytoskeleton
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| Peripheral proteins | attach to integral membrane proteins and penetrate the lipid bylayer
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| Glycosylation | covalently attatching a carb to a protein lipid
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| membrane synthesis | occurs in smooth ER, uses enzymes, glycosylation
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| passive transport | no energy, with gradient, passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion
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| active transport | energy input, against gradient, Na/K pumps
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| factors affecting diffusion | size (smaller means faster), temperature (hotter means faster), gradient (steeper means faster), charge (more complex), pressure (higher means faster)
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| diffusion across the membrane | depends on concentration, phospholipid bylayer
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| Channels | open passageway, passive, faster
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| transporters | conformational, active, slower, 3 types
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| primary active transport | uses a pump, ATP used directly
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| Secondary active trasnport | uses preexisting ATP to drive transport
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| Endocytosis | receptor-mediated, moves things in
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| Exocytosis | moves things out
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| Hyponatermia | low levels of nitrogen
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics | the total disorder/entropy of a system and its surrounding increases
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| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is neither created or destroyed, only transfered
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| Free energy | energy available to do work in biological systems, can be used to predict the direction of the reaction, (Delta G)
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| Energy states | potential and kinetic
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| Energy conversion | the capacity to produce certain changes within any system, without regard to limitations in transformation imposed
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| total energy equation | usable + unusable
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| Enthalpy equation | H= G + TS
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| ATP structure | ribose sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate
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| ATP function | captures, transfers, and stores energy
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| Exergonic | catabolic, requires ATP, releases free energy
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| Endergonic | anabolic, requires free energy
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| enzyme function | speeds up reaction, lowers activation energy
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| enzyme definition | catalyst
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| transition state | the minimum energy that is needed to break certain bonds of the reactants so as to turn them into products
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| enzyme-substrate complex | lock and key fit of enzyme and substrate
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| Vmax | velocity of reaction near maximal rate
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| Km | substrate concentration where velocity is is half the max volume
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| factors that affect enzyme function | prosthetic groups, co-factors, co-enzymes, temperature, pH, salt concentration
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| inhibition | a molecule binds in inactive it
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| activation | a molecule binds to activate it
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| competitive | molecule that will activate/inactive enzyme, binds directly to enzyme
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| noncompetitive/allosteric | molecule that will activate/inactivate enzyme, binds to a site other than active site
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| metabolic pathways | each step is coordinated via enzyme, anabolic and catabolic
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| redox reactions | metabolises small organic molecules
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| oxidation | removal of electrons
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| reduction | gain of electron
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| NAD | essential electron carrier in cellular redox reactions
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| gene regulation | turns genes off
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| cellular regulation | cell signaling pathways
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| feedback inhibition | a type of biochemical regulation (overproducing turns itself off)
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| enzyme case study | high Km is bad, means you need more substrate, not a good fit
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