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Bio Midterm 2
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Definintion | smallest of life |
| Animal Cell Characteristics | mitochondria, small vacuole, cell membrane |
| Plant Cell Characteristics | Chloroplast, large vacuole, cell wall |
| Surface area to Volume ratio | more surface are, less volume results in a high surface to area volume |
| Eukaryotic Characteristics | Nucleus, compartmentalization, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton |
| Prokayrotic Characterictics | Nucleoid region, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytosol |
| Cell characteristics | Ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, membrane |
| Proteomes Definition | Protein DNA |
| Proteomes | the protein DNA determines the cell structure and function |
| Cytoskeleton funtions | cell shape internal organization, intracellular transport, movement |
| Cytoskeleton features | actin (microfilaments), intern=mediate filaments, microfilaments (cilia, flagella and centrioles) |
| Nucleus functions | contain DNA (codes for proteins) |
| Nuclear features | Nuclear membrane (double layered and endomembrane system) |
| Ribosmes | site of proteinsysnthesis |
| Ribosome locations | assembled in nucleus, free in cytoplasm |
| Endomembrane System | organelles |
| Rough ER | sorts and folds proPteins, inserts proteins into ER, glycosalation |
| Smooth ER | continuous with Rough ER, synthesis and modification of lipids |
| ER | network of membranes, encloses lumen |
| Golgi | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion |
| Lysosmes | phagocytosis (cell eating other cell), autophagy (cell eating self with bad stuff) |
| apoptosis | cell death |
| Vacuoles | stores waste/toxic compounds, stores and pigments |
| Peroxisomes | contains specific digestive enzymes including catalase, breaks large mlecules into lipids, breaks into toxic hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitchchondria | make ATP, outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix, contain their own DNA |
| Choloplasts | plastids, plants and some protists, photosynthesis, contains their own DNA, divide by binary fission |
| PCD | (Cilia) chronic bronchitis, sinitus, pneumonia, hearing loss |
| Goucher's | (Lysosomes) enlarged liver/spleen, anemia, fatigue, impaired clotting, bruising, fatty deposits |
| CF | (Plasme membrane) thick mucous in lungs, salty sweat, lung infections, lack of moisture in lungs |
| ALD | (Peroxisomes) lethargic, decreased blood sugar, nervous system deteriorates, fatty acid build up |
| Virus | RNA and DNA, only reproduces inside other cells |
| Bacteria | circular DNA, asexual reproduction |
| Protozons | linear DNA, sexual and a sexual reprouction |
| Membranes | semifluid, most lipids can more laterally |
| Factors affecting fluidity | length of fatty acid tails (shorter means longer), Double bonds int he actyl tails (more unsat more fluid), presence in (stabilizes membranes) |
| Intergral proteins | found in cytoskeleton |
| Peripheral proteins | attach to integral membrane proteins and penetrate the lipid bylayer |
| Glycosylation | covalently attatching a carb to a protein lipid |
| membrane synthesis | occurs in smooth ER, uses enzymes, glycosylation |
| passive transport | no energy, with gradient, passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
| active transport | energy input, against gradient, Na/K pumps |
| factors affecting diffusion | size (smaller means faster), temperature (hotter means faster), gradient (steeper means faster), charge (more complex), pressure (higher means faster) |
| diffusion across the membrane | depends on concentration, phospholipid bylayer |
| Channels | open passageway, passive, faster |
| transporters | conformational, active, slower, 3 types |
| primary active transport | uses a pump, ATP used directly |
| Secondary active trasnport | uses preexisting ATP to drive transport |
| Endocytosis | receptor-mediated, moves things in |
| Exocytosis | moves things out |
| Hyponatermia | low levels of nitrogen |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | the total disorder/entropy of a system and its surrounding increases |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is neither created or destroyed, only transfered |
| Free energy | energy available to do work in biological systems, can be used to predict the direction of the reaction, (Delta G) |
| Energy states | potential and kinetic |
| Energy conversion | the capacity to produce certain changes within any system, without regard to limitations in transformation imposed |
| total energy equation | usable + unusable |
| Enthalpy equation | H= G + TS |
| ATP structure | ribose sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate |
| ATP function | captures, transfers, and stores energy |
| Exergonic | catabolic, requires ATP, releases free energy |
| Endergonic | anabolic, requires free energy |
| enzyme function | speeds up reaction, lowers activation energy |
| enzyme definition | catalyst |
| transition state | the minimum energy that is needed to break certain bonds of the reactants so as to turn them into products |
| enzyme-substrate complex | lock and key fit of enzyme and substrate |
| Vmax | velocity of reaction near maximal rate |
| Km | substrate concentration where velocity is is half the max volume |
| factors that affect enzyme function | prosthetic groups, co-factors, co-enzymes, temperature, pH, salt concentration |
| inhibition | a molecule binds in inactive it |
| activation | a molecule binds to activate it |
| competitive | molecule that will activate/inactive enzyme, binds directly to enzyme |
| noncompetitive/allosteric | molecule that will activate/inactivate enzyme, binds to a site other than active site |
| metabolic pathways | each step is coordinated via enzyme, anabolic and catabolic |
| redox reactions | metabolises small organic molecules |
| oxidation | removal of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electron |
| NAD | essential electron carrier in cellular redox reactions |
| gene regulation | turns genes off |
| cellular regulation | cell signaling pathways |
| feedback inhibition | a type of biochemical regulation (overproducing turns itself off) |
| enzyme case study | high Km is bad, means you need more substrate, not a good fit |
Created by:
ZebraQueen12
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