Bio 231 unit 4 review
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| Fissure | D: narrow slit or cleft
P: opening for vessels and nerves
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| Foramen | D: opening or hole
P: opening for vessels and nerves
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| Fossa | D: shallow depression
P: muscle attachment or articulation
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| Meatus | D: tube-like passageway or opening
P: canal/ passage for vessels and nerves
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| Condyle | D: smooth, rounded articular process
P: articulation
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| Epicondyle | D: projection above a condyle
P: muscle attachment
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| Head | D: rounded articular projection
P: articulation
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| Trochanter | D: very large projection
P: muscle attachment
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| Tubercle | D: small, rounded projection
P: muscle attachment
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| Tuberosity | D: large, roughened projection
P: muscle attachment
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| Skull | -8 cranial bones that enclose the brain
-14 facial bones
-associated bones (middle ear ossicles and hyoid)
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| Vertebral Column | -24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
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| Thoracic Cage | -sternum
-24 ribs
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| Ethmoid bone | cribriform foramina allow passage of neurons for olfactory nerve (I)
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| Sphenoid bone (butterfly) | -sella tursica encases pituitary gland
-optic canal allows passage of optic nerve (II)
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| Temporal bone | -Internal acoustic meatus allows passage of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
-bone houses middle and inner ear
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| External acoustic meatus | leads to tympanic membrane
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| Mandibular fossa | articulates with mandible
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| Mastoid process | attachment for some muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoid)
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| Zygomatic process | forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone
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| Sella tursica | pituitary gland
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| Optic canal | optic nerve (II)
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| Foramen ovale | Trigeminal nerve (V) (mandibular branch)
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| Foramen rotundum | trigeminal nerve (V) (maxillary branch)
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| Nasal Conchae | increase airflow turbulence for moistening, cleaning, and warming
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| Nasal Complex | -paranasal sinuses
-nasal conchae
-air-filled cavities in facial and cranial bones (open into nasal cavity)
-decreases bone weight
-add resonance to voice
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| Respiratory epithelium lining | helps humidify and warm air
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| Superior orbital fissure | -oculomotor nerve (III)
-trochlear nerve (IV)
-trigeminal nerve (V)
-abducens nerve (VI)
-ophthalmic veins
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| Hyoid bone | -no articulations
-provides attachment sites for muscles of tongue and larynx
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| Vertebral Column functions (4) | -provides vertical support
-supports weight of the head
-transfers weight to appendicular skeleton through lower limbs (hips, thighs, and legs)
-protects spinal cord
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| Intervertebral disc- Annulus fibrosus | outer ring of fibrocartilage
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| Intervertebral disc- Nucleus pulposus | gelatinous interior
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| Curvature abnormalities: Kyphosis | exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback)
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| Curvature abnormalities: Lordosis | -exaggerated lumbar curvature (swayback)
-common for pregnant women
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| Curvature abnormalities: Scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature
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| Cervical Vertera | most mobile vertebrae
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| Cervical Vertebra: Spinous process | bifid (divided process) often
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| Cervical Vertebra: Transverse foramina | -C1-C6
-vertebral arteries and vein
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| Cervical Vertebra: Atlas | -lacks a body and spinous process
-oval sup. facets articulate with occipital condyles (articulation with occipital condyles allows "yes" nodding)
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| Cervical Vertebra: Axis | -dens that articulates with facet on atlas
-held in place by transverse ligament
-articulation with atlas allows "no" nodding
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| Thoracic Vertebra: Body | -medium and heart shaped
-Costal facets or demifacets on body and transverse processes
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| Thoracic Vertebra: Spinous process | long, most project inferiorly
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| Thoracic Cage: Sternum | -Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
-2nd rib attaches at sternal angle
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| Thoracic Cage: Ribs | -1-7 are true ribs that attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages
-8-12 are false ribs
-11-12 are floating ribs that do not attach
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| Lumbar Vertebra: Body | large
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| Lumbar Vertebra: Spinous process | -broad, points, almost points posteriorly
-attachment of posterior muscles
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| Lumbar Vertebra: Transverse process | relatively short and thick
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| Sacrum | -5 fused bones
-fusion begins shortly after puberty
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| Sacrum: Articular surface | -articulation with os coxae of pelvic girdle
-sacroiliac joint
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| Sacrum: Anterior sacral foramina | -allows passage of anterior rami of spinal nerves
-posterior rami to the back
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| Pectoral girdle | articulation of clavicle and scapula
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| Pelvic girdle | os coxae composed of the illium, ischium, and pubis
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| Pectoral girdle: Clavicle | -"collarbone"
-articulates with the sternum (manubrium) and scapula (acromion)
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| Pectoral girdle: Scapula (anterior surface) | not directly attached to axial skeleton
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| (Scapula) Acromion process articulates with what? | clavicle
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| (scapula) Glenoid Cavity articulates with what? | head of humerus
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| Scapula (posterior surface) | spine is continuous with the acromion
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| Scapula (lateral surface) | -supraglenoid tubercle
-infraglenoid tubercle
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| Humerus (anterior brachium) Head articulates with? | -anatomical neck (epiphyseal plate)
-surgical neck (fracture site)
-deltoid tuberosity
-capitulum
-trochlea
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| Humerus(anterior brachium): Capitulum articulates with? | head of radius
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| Humerus (anterior brachium): Trochlea articulates with? | trochlear notch of ulna
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| Humerus (posterior brachium): Radial groove | radial nerve and blood vessels follow this groove
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| Humerus (posterior brachium): Olecranon fossa | depression for the olecranon of ulna
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| Radius and Ulna (antibrachium): Radial notch | -notch in ulna that accommodates head of the radius
-in pronation, radius crosses over ulna
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| Radius and Ulna (antibrachium): Interosseus membrane | -dense regular connective tissue
-helps maintain a fixed separation
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| Radius and Ulna (antibrachium): Radial tuberosity | I- biceps brachii
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| Hand (manus): Carpals | -carpus= wrist
-articulates with radius and ulna
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| Hand (manus): Metacarpals | -palmar= palm
-dense regular connective tissue
-helps maintain a fixed separation
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| Hand (manus): Phalanges | -digitals
-only two in the thumb (pollex)
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| Pelvic Girdle: Os coxae | -"hip bones"
-illium, ischium, and pubis
-fused bones
-illium articulates with sacrum at auricular surface (sacroiliac joint)
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| Pelvic Girdle: Acetabulum | articulates with the femur
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| Pelvic Girdle: Iliac crest | O- gluteus maximus
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| Pelvic Girdle: Greater Sciatic Notch | sciatic nerve passes to lower limb
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| Pelvic Girdle: Ischial tuberosity | _"sit bone"
-O- several muscle that extend thigh
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| Pelvis: True pelvis | -inlet is space surrounded by pelvic brim
-outlet bounded by sacrum, coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis
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| Pelvis: Outlet | -outlet bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligament (STL) and inferior border of pubic symphysis
-not just an oval suggested by inferior view
-has a bend
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| Pelvis: Female pelvis | -sacrum is usually shorter and wider, has a posterior tilt
-body of pubis is longer
-subpubic angle is > 100 degrees (90 or less in males)
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| Femur | -articulates with the acetabulum
-ligament connects the acetabulum to the fovea (pit) in the femur
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| Femur: Neck | andles into the shaft brining knees closer to midline
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| Femur: Greater trochanter | I- gluteus medius and mininmus (abductors)
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| Femur: Patellar surface | articulates with patella, a sesamoid bone in tendon of the quadriceps femoris
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| Femur: Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera | I- gluteus maximus (thigh extension)
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| Femur: Medial and lateral condyles | articulates with tibia
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| Tibia (shinbone) | -weight-bearing bone
-articulates with femur via medial and lateral condyles
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| Tibia: Medial malleolus | Medial bump on ankle
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| Fibula | -non-weight-bearing bone
-lateral to tibia
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| Fibula: two tibiofibular joints | -superior at the fibular articular facet
-inferior at fibular notch
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| Fibula: Lateral malleolus | Lateral bump at ankle
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| Tarsals | -7 ankle bones
-Talus articulates with tibia and fibula
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| Tarsals: Calcaneus | forms heel
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| Metatarsals | 5 bones of the sole of the foot
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| Phalanges | -14 toe bones
-big toe (hallux) has 2 phalanges
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| Arches of the foot functions | -helps support weight of body
-blood vessels and nerves are not compressed (pinched) when standing
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| Structural Joint Classification: Fibrous | bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
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| Structural Joint Classification: Cartilaginous | bones are joined by cartilage
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| Structural Joint Classification: Synovial | -Fluid-filled cavity separates the articulating surfaces of the bone
-surfaces enclosed within a capsule and the bones are joined by ligaments
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| Synovial Joint: Articular capsule | -Fibrous layer of dense regular connective tissue
-attaches bones
-ligaments and tendons further strengthen joint
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| Synovial Joint: Synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid | -fluid lubricates cartilage
-fluid nourishes cartilage
-shock absorber
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| Synovial Joint: Bursa | -Fibrous sac-like structure
-contains synovial fluid and lined by a synovial membrane
-reduces friction
-found where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons rub together
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| Synovial Joint: Fat pads | packing material and protection for joint
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| Knee: Tibiofemoral joint | -mostly a hinge joint
-limited gliding and rotation
-patellofemoral joint also part of the knee joint
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| Knee: Articular capsule | -encloses only medial, lateral, and posterior region
-quadriceps femoris tendon passes over anterior surface
-patella embedded in tendon
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| Knee: Collateral ligaments | -fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligaments help stabilize the joint
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| Knee: Tibial collateral ligament | -prevents hyperabduction of the leg
-attaches to the medial meniscus
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| Knee: ACL | -Anterior cruciate ligament
-runs from posterior femur to anterior tibia
-prevents femur from moving too far posteriorly relative to the tibia
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| Knee: Medial and lateral menisci | c-shaped fibrocartilage that cushion and stabilize the joint
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| Knee: Terrible (unhappy) triad | -lateral stress
-tibial collateral ligament is strained or torn
-medial meniscus is injured because it is attached to the tibial collateral ligament
-force is transferred to the weak ACL which is torn
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| Types of joints (motion): Plane | -only side-to-side movement are possible
-least mobile
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| Types of joints (motion): Condylar | -oval convex and concave articular surfaces
-back-and-forth and side-to-side (knuckles)
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| Types of joints (motion): Saddle | saddle-shaped bones allow greater range of movement than condylar joints
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| Types of joints (motion): Pivot | -bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and a second bone
-movement in one plane
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| Types of joints (motion): Hinge | -Convex surface on one bone fits into concave surface on another bone
-movement in one plane
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| Types of joints (motion): Ball-and-Socket | -hip joint and glenohumeral joint
-spherical articulating head fits into rounded cup-like socket
-movement in three axes
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| Movements at joints: Flexion | angle between articulating bone decreases
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| Movements at joints: Extension | angle between articulating bone increases
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| Movements at joints: Hyperextension | extension past the anatomic position
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| Movements at joints: Lateral flexion | vertebral column moves in either lateral direction along a coronal plane
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| Movements at joints: Abduction | movement of bone away from the midline
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| Movements at joints: Adduction | movement of bone toward ("added") the midline
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| Movements at joints: Circumduction | a continuous movement that combines:
-flexion
-abduction
-extension
-adduction
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| Movements at joints: Depression | inferior movement
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| Movements at joints: Dorsiflexion | dorsum of the foot moves closer to the leg
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| Movements at joints: Inversion | turns sole of foot medially (inward)
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| Movements at joints: Protraction | anterior movement from the anatomical position
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| Movements at joints: Opposition | thumb moves across palm
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| Movements at joints: Pronation | rotation of the forearm that turn palm posteriorly
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| Movements at joints: Supination | rotation of the forearm that turn palm anteriorly
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| Movements at joints: Medial Rotation | turns anterior surface of the humerus or femur medially
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