Bio Exam 2
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| What is the purpose of Melanin? | Protects against UV damage from sun.
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| Sun tans = | are the result of increased melanin production(7-10 days to respond)
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| Cholecalciferol = | UV radiation is important in vitamin D3 production
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| Calcitroil = | formed in the kidney and used to increase calcium levels.
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| True or False - Calcium and Phosphorus is important in uptake in the intestine | True
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| Inadequate supple of cholecalciferol = | leads to impaired bone growth ad maintenance
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| No sunlight, no D3 in diet = | rickets(abnormal bone growth in children
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| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) = | is important to stimulate basal cells for injury repair.
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| What are the two major layers in the dermis? | Papillary layers and Reticular layers
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| Papillary layers = | aureolar tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic
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| Reticular layers = | interwoven connective tissue
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| Stretch marks = | massive distortions of the dermis
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| Cleavage lines= | Collagen and elastic bundles around your entire body
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| Bruise = | when blood vessels are ruptured and leak blood
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| Hypodermis = | subcutaneous layer
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| Too much fat in diet = | central adiposity
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| Liposuction = | a cosmetic surgery, can be a "quick fix"
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| Risk of blood loss = | highly vascularized
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| Accessory Structures = | Hair, sweat glands, and nails
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| Hairs = | protect from skin surface, found everywhere, 75% on body
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| Hair follicles = | Protective sheath of connective tissue
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| Root hair plexus = | nerve at base, very sensitive
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| Arrestor pili muscle = | are small muscles attached to hair follicles
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| Are hair samples useful for DNA fingerprinting? | yes
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| Male pattern baldness = | Due to changes in testosterone
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| Hair color = | Pigments produced by melanocytes at base
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| Hair dyes = | Each hair is surround by a protective cuticle layer.
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| cuticle layer = | the outer layer of living tissue
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| Exocrine secretion = | glandular epithelium
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| Sebaceous gland = | oil discharge into hair follicle
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| Apocrine sweat glands = | secrete products into hair follicles, but oil substances are food for bacteria
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| Merocine seat glands = | are most numerous over body
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| Sweat = | 99% water, electrolytes, and protein dermcidin
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| Functions of sweat glands = | Cooling surfaces of body, excreting water, electrolytes, and some wastes, protection
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| Mammary glands = | modified apocrine sweat glands in mammals
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| Ceruminous glands= | in external ear, produce earwax
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| Nails = | more keratinized epidermal cells
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| Functions of fingernails = | protect dorsal surface from damage, limit distortion of finger tips and toes from stress
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| Nail body = | covers areas of finger called nail bed
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| Features of the nail = | cuticle and lunula
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| Calluses = | physical stress and stratum basal
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| Stem cells = | epithelial and connective tissue layers that can repair skin injuries
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| What are the 4 stages in repairing skin injuries? | inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferation phase, scarring phase
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| Keloid = | can sometimes go beyond what is required, overgrowth of scar
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| Can scar tissue develop anywhere on the body? | yes, but it is largely harmless
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| Tattoos = | Dark pigments are inert an imbedded deep in the dermis below stratum basal
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| Epidermis thins = | Basal cell activity declines
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| Sebum = | oily secretions of the sebaceous glands
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| The skeletal system is comprised of: | Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues that support or stabilize the system
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| The Five primary functions of the entire skeletal system: | Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Physical protection
Leverage
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| What are the 6 broad categories of bones? | Sutural bones
Irregular bones
Short bones
Long bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
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| Why do many bones have markings? | For elevation or protection from where connective tissues attach and joints articulate
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| What are the depressions, grooves, or tunnels in a bone? | It is where the nerves and blood vessels penetrate
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| What is the Anatomy of a femur bone? | Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Medullary cavity
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| Diaphysis = | the shaft or central part of a long bone.
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| Metaphysis = | It is considered a part of the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood and as it grows
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| Epiphysis = | the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
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| Compact bone = | the compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae.
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| Spongy bone = | Spongy bone is a network of irregularly-shaped sheets and spikes of bone
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| Medullary cavity = | the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored
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| What are the 4 characteristics of Bone? | 1. Matrix is dense, has calcium deposits
2. Matrix contains living bone cells, existing in "pockets"
3. Canaliculi connect bone cells and blood vessels
4. Periosteum surrounds bone surface
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| What makes up the strength/weight of a bone? | Calcium + collagen
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| How much weight does calcium take up in bone? | 2/3
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| How much weight does collagen fibers take up in bone? | 1/3
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| What are the 4 basic types of bone cells? | Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteogenic cells
Osteoclasts
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| Osteocytes = | Occupy a "pocket" between matrix layers - lacunae, Never divide, only one cell per lacunae.
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| Canaliculi = | Osteocytes remain connected to blood supply
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| What are the functions of osteocytes? | Maintain protein and mineral content of bone.
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| Osteoblasts = |
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