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Bio Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of Melanin? | Protects against UV damage from sun. |
| Sun tans = | are the result of increased melanin production(7-10 days to respond) |
| Cholecalciferol = | UV radiation is important in vitamin D3 production |
| Calcitroil = | formed in the kidney and used to increase calcium levels. |
| True or False - Calcium and Phosphorus is important in uptake in the intestine | True |
| Inadequate supple of cholecalciferol = | leads to impaired bone growth ad maintenance |
| No sunlight, no D3 in diet = | rickets(abnormal bone growth in children |
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) = | is important to stimulate basal cells for injury repair. |
| What are the two major layers in the dermis? | Papillary layers and Reticular layers |
| Papillary layers = | aureolar tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic |
| Reticular layers = | interwoven connective tissue |
| Stretch marks = | massive distortions of the dermis |
| Cleavage lines= | Collagen and elastic bundles around your entire body |
| Bruise = | when blood vessels are ruptured and leak blood |
| Hypodermis = | subcutaneous layer |
| Too much fat in diet = | central adiposity |
| Liposuction = | a cosmetic surgery, can be a "quick fix" |
| Risk of blood loss = | highly vascularized |
| Accessory Structures = | Hair, sweat glands, and nails |
| Hairs = | protect from skin surface, found everywhere, 75% on body |
| Hair follicles = | Protective sheath of connective tissue |
| Root hair plexus = | nerve at base, very sensitive |
| Arrestor pili muscle = | are small muscles attached to hair follicles |
| Are hair samples useful for DNA fingerprinting? | yes |
| Male pattern baldness = | Due to changes in testosterone |
| Hair color = | Pigments produced by melanocytes at base |
| Hair dyes = | Each hair is surround by a protective cuticle layer. |
| cuticle layer = | the outer layer of living tissue |
| Exocrine secretion = | glandular epithelium |
| Sebaceous gland = | oil discharge into hair follicle |
| Apocrine sweat glands = | secrete products into hair follicles, but oil substances are food for bacteria |
| Merocine seat glands = | are most numerous over body |
| Sweat = | 99% water, electrolytes, and protein dermcidin |
| Functions of sweat glands = | Cooling surfaces of body, excreting water, electrolytes, and some wastes, protection |
| Mammary glands = | modified apocrine sweat glands in mammals |
| Ceruminous glands= | in external ear, produce earwax |
| Nails = | more keratinized epidermal cells |
| Functions of fingernails = | protect dorsal surface from damage, limit distortion of finger tips and toes from stress |
| Nail body = | covers areas of finger called nail bed |
| Features of the nail = | cuticle and lunula |
| Calluses = | physical stress and stratum basal |
| Stem cells = | epithelial and connective tissue layers that can repair skin injuries |
| What are the 4 stages in repairing skin injuries? | inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferation phase, scarring phase |
| Keloid = | can sometimes go beyond what is required, overgrowth of scar |
| Can scar tissue develop anywhere on the body? | yes, but it is largely harmless |
| Tattoos = | Dark pigments are inert an imbedded deep in the dermis below stratum basal |
| Epidermis thins = | Basal cell activity declines |
| Sebum = | oily secretions of the sebaceous glands |
| The skeletal system is comprised of: | Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues that support or stabilize the system |
| The Five primary functions of the entire skeletal system: | Support Storage of minerals and lipids Blood cell production Physical protection Leverage |
| What are the 6 broad categories of bones? | Sutural bones Irregular bones Short bones Long bones Flat bones Sesamoid bones |
| Why do many bones have markings? | For elevation or protection from where connective tissues attach and joints articulate |
| What are the depressions, grooves, or tunnels in a bone? | It is where the nerves and blood vessels penetrate |
| What is the Anatomy of a femur bone? | Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Medullary cavity |
| Diaphysis = | the shaft or central part of a long bone. |
| Metaphysis = | It is considered a part of the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood and as it grows |
| Epiphysis = | the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft. |
| Compact bone = | the compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. |
| Spongy bone = | Spongy bone is a network of irregularly-shaped sheets and spikes of bone |
| Medullary cavity = | the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored |
| What are the 4 characteristics of Bone? | 1. Matrix is dense, has calcium deposits 2. Matrix contains living bone cells, existing in "pockets" 3. Canaliculi connect bone cells and blood vessels 4. Periosteum surrounds bone surface |
| What makes up the strength/weight of a bone? | Calcium + collagen |
| How much weight does calcium take up in bone? | 2/3 |
| How much weight does collagen fibers take up in bone? | 1/3 |
| What are the 4 basic types of bone cells? | Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteogenic cells Osteoclasts |
| Osteocytes = | Occupy a "pocket" between matrix layers - lacunae, Never divide, only one cell per lacunae. |
| Canaliculi = | Osteocytes remain connected to blood supply |
| What are the functions of osteocytes? | Maintain protein and mineral content of bone. |
| Osteoblasts = |
Created by:
Mbelcher21
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