Introduction to the Human Body
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| How is anatomy related to physiology? | Structure is related to function
ex) fingers are loosely jointed to allow movement
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| How is anatomy different from physiology? | anatomy studies relationships between internal and external body structures.
physiology studies how a structure functions
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| What are 2 different types of anatomy? | gross anatomy (examining large structures) and microscopic anatomy (examining small structures with magnification)
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| What are 3 types of physiology? | Systemic (body systems), Cell (cell functions), and Pathophysiology (how disease affects the function of systems).
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| What are 2 invasive techniques to examine the body? | Surgery (exploratory) and Autopsy (postmortem examination/dissection of organs to determine cause of death)
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| What are 4 low tech examining techniques? | Inspection (observation ex. redness), Palpation (feel body surfaces ex.taking pulse) , Auscultation (listen to body sounds ex.detecting abnormal shortness in breath) , Percussion (tap body surface for resulting echo ex.detection of fluid in lungs)
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| What are the 4 types of X-Rays? | conventional radiography, computed tomography, Spiral CT Scan, and radiopaque ingestion
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| What is better, conventional radiography or commuted tomography (CT) | Computed tomography is preferred because it is 3D, and provides soft tissue detail like the kidneys.
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| How does radiopaque ingestion work? | When you swallow a radioactive material like barium, it lines the gastrointestinal tract.
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| How does DSA work? | Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) injects radiopaque material into the blood vessels to provide images
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| What are 3 other high tech medical imaging techniques? | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI- high energy field differentiates normal and abnormal tissues), Sonography or Ultrasounds, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET scanning- substance emits gamma rays detected by cameras)
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| What are the 6 levels of body organization? | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
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| What are the 6 characteristics of the living human? | Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
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| What are the 2 chemical processes in metabolism? | Catabolism (breakdown of complex molecules), and anabolism (build up of simple molecules)
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| Give an example of how humans have responsiveness | Being able to detect change in external temperatures/ Detecting a sound and facing it
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| What is differentiation? | changes in cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state ex) stem cells to abc and wbc
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| What is homeostasis? | the use of self regulating processes by biological systems to maintain relatively constant environments
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| What 2 general mechanisms control homeostasis? | auto regulation, and extrinsic regulation
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| What is the difference between auto regulation and extrinsic regulation? | Autoregulation involve environmental changes causing organ systems to respond whereas extrinsic regulation involve the nervous and endocrine system using electrical or chemical systems
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| What role to feedback systems play? | they monitor controlled conditions ex) blood, body temperature, bp
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| What disrupts homeostasis? | stimulus (pl:stimuli)
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| What are the 3 main parts that make up a feedback system? | receptor (detect change/ send nerve or chemical signals to cc), control centre (sets range of values/ evaluates/ sends output to effectors), effectors (body structure produces response to enhance or oppose stimulus)
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| What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems? | positive fbs chances original stimulus, negative fbs reverses original stimulus
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| How does negative feedback systems control thermoregulation? | stimulus causes rise in body temp, temp sensors sends impulses to hypothalamus, brain sends impulses to sweat glands and blood vessels (effectors), and vasodilation and sweating allows restoration of homeostasis
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| How does positive feedback systems benefit blood clotting? | severe cuts lead to chemicals released, more chemicals are released to accelerate the clotting, blood vessel is patched up and bleeding stops
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| Which feedback system is more common? | the negative is more common. the positive is only used in potentially dangerous or stressful processed where there is time sensitivity
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| Name 5 homeostatic imbalances | disorder, disease, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis
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| What are 2 different disease types? | local (limited region), and systemic (many parts/entire body)
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| What is the difference between symptoms and signs? | Symptoms are changes in body functions that can be observed ex) headache, nausea but Signs are observed and measurable ex) high bp, fever, rash
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| Explain the anatomical position and its importance | the subject is erect, facing observer, hands at sides, palms forward and feet flat on the floor. it allows precision and consistent anatomical references
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| Define 2 reclining positions | Prone (body lying face down), Supine (body lying face up)
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| face, head, eye, ear, nose, mouth | facial, cephalic, orbital, otic, nasal, oral
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| cranial region | skull
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| cervical region | neck
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| chest, abdomen, pelvis | thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
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| buttocks | gluteal region
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| arm | brachial region
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| hand | manual region
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| thigh, foot, ole | femoral, pedal plantar
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| up and down | superior and inferior
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| front and back | anterior and posterior
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| towards the head | cephalic/superior
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| towards the tail | caudal/inferior
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| that goes before | ventral/anterior
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| that which follow | dorsal/posterior
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| nearest and distant | proximal and distal
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| towards the midline/ away from the midline | medical and lateral
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| towards the body/ interior of the body | superior and deep
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| angio- | vessel
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| arthro- | joint
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| auto- | self
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| bio- | life
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| carcin- | cancer
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| entero- | intestine
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| erythro- | red
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| gastr- | stomach
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| glyco- | sugar
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| gyno- | woman
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| myo- | muscle
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| nephr- | kidneys
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| neuro- | nerve
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| ocul- | eye
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| odont- | tooth
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| cardi- | heart
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| cephal- | head
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| cerebro- | brain
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| chondr- | cartilage
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| cost- | rib
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| cranio- | skull
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| derm- | skin
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| hem/hemato- | blood
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| hepato- | liver
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| histo- | tissue
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| hydro- | water
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| hyster- | uterus
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| leuko- | white
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| lip/lipo- | fat
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| Oo- | egg
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| osteo- | bone
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| patho- | disease
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| phag- | to eat
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| pneum- | air
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| pulmo- | lung
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| therm- | heat
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| A- | without
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| Anti- | against
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| Bi- | two
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| Cyan- | blue
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| De- | from/away
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| Di- | twice
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| Dis- | apart/away from
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| Ecto- | outside
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| ef-/ex- | out of/away from
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| end-/endo- | within
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| epi- | upon
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| extra- | outside, beyond, in addition
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| hetero- | other
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| semi-/hemi- | one half
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| homeo-/homo- | same/similar
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| hyper- | above
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| hypo- | under
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| infra- | beneath
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| inter- | between
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| intra- | within
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| iso- | equal
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| macr- | large
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| melan- | black
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| micr- | small
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| mono- | single
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| oligo- | little/few
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| peri- | around
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| poly- | many
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| post- | after
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| pre-/pro- | before
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| sub- | below
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| super- | above/ beyond
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| supra- | on the upper side
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| trans- | through
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| -ac/-al | penetrating to
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| -asis, -asia, -osis | style/ condition
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| -ectomy/-tomy | excision
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| -gen/-genic | to produce
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| -ia | state/condition
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| -itis | inflammation
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| -logy | study of
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| -lysis | a loosening
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| -pathy | disease
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| -phil/-philic | love
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| -phobia | fear
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| -scope | to view
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| -septic | putrid
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| -trophy | nourishment
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| -uria | urine
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| What are the 3 planes and sections? | sagittal (midline), frontal (coronal), transverse (cross section)
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| What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal? | mid sagittal is two even left and right portion whereas parasagittal is uneven
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| What are the 2 main body cavities? | Dorsal and Ventral
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| What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity? | cranial (brain and cranial bones) and vertebral canal (vertebrae and spinal cord)
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| What organ divides the ventral body cavity? | diaphragm
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| What are the 2 parts of the ventral body cavity? | the thoracic cavity, and abdominopelivc cavity contain viscera
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| What is contained in the thoracic cavity? | left and right pleural cavities enclosing the lungs, mediastinum (heart, lungs blood vessels, trachea), pericardial cavity
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| What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity? | superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity
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| What viscera is contained in the superior abdominal cavity? | stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intense, and majority of the large intestine
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| What viscera is contained in the inferior pelvic cavity? | urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, female and male reproductive structures
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| What is three parts of a serous membrane? | parietal layer, visceral layer, ad serous fluid
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