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BIOL 156
Introduction to the Human Body
Question | Answer |
---|---|
How is anatomy related to physiology? | Structure is related to function ex) fingers are loosely jointed to allow movement |
How is anatomy different from physiology? | anatomy studies relationships between internal and external body structures. physiology studies how a structure functions |
What are 2 different types of anatomy? | gross anatomy (examining large structures) and microscopic anatomy (examining small structures with magnification) |
What are 3 types of physiology? | Systemic (body systems), Cell (cell functions), and Pathophysiology (how disease affects the function of systems). |
What are 2 invasive techniques to examine the body? | Surgery (exploratory) and Autopsy (postmortem examination/dissection of organs to determine cause of death) |
What are 4 low tech examining techniques? | Inspection (observation ex. redness), Palpation (feel body surfaces ex.taking pulse) , Auscultation (listen to body sounds ex.detecting abnormal shortness in breath) , Percussion (tap body surface for resulting echo ex.detection of fluid in lungs) |
What are the 4 types of X-Rays? | conventional radiography, computed tomography, Spiral CT Scan, and radiopaque ingestion |
What is better, conventional radiography or commuted tomography (CT) | Computed tomography is preferred because it is 3D, and provides soft tissue detail like the kidneys. |
How does radiopaque ingestion work? | When you swallow a radioactive material like barium, it lines the gastrointestinal tract. |
How does DSA work? | Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) injects radiopaque material into the blood vessels to provide images |
What are 3 other high tech medical imaging techniques? | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI- high energy field differentiates normal and abnormal tissues), Sonography or Ultrasounds, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET scanning- substance emits gamma rays detected by cameras) |
What are the 6 levels of body organization? | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism |
What are the 6 characteristics of the living human? | Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. |
What are the 2 chemical processes in metabolism? | Catabolism (breakdown of complex molecules), and anabolism (build up of simple molecules) |
Give an example of how humans have responsiveness | Being able to detect change in external temperatures/ Detecting a sound and facing it |
What is differentiation? | changes in cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state ex) stem cells to abc and wbc |
What is homeostasis? | the use of self regulating processes by biological systems to maintain relatively constant environments |
What 2 general mechanisms control homeostasis? | auto regulation, and extrinsic regulation |
What is the difference between auto regulation and extrinsic regulation? | Autoregulation involve environmental changes causing organ systems to respond whereas extrinsic regulation involve the nervous and endocrine system using electrical or chemical systems |
What role to feedback systems play? | they monitor controlled conditions ex) blood, body temperature, bp |
What disrupts homeostasis? | stimulus (pl:stimuli) |
What are the 3 main parts that make up a feedback system? | receptor (detect change/ send nerve or chemical signals to cc), control centre (sets range of values/ evaluates/ sends output to effectors), effectors (body structure produces response to enhance or oppose stimulus) |
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems? | positive fbs chances original stimulus, negative fbs reverses original stimulus |
How does negative feedback systems control thermoregulation? | stimulus causes rise in body temp, temp sensors sends impulses to hypothalamus, brain sends impulses to sweat glands and blood vessels (effectors), and vasodilation and sweating allows restoration of homeostasis |
How does positive feedback systems benefit blood clotting? | severe cuts lead to chemicals released, more chemicals are released to accelerate the clotting, blood vessel is patched up and bleeding stops |
Which feedback system is more common? | the negative is more common. the positive is only used in potentially dangerous or stressful processed where there is time sensitivity |
Name 5 homeostatic imbalances | disorder, disease, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis |
What are 2 different disease types? | local (limited region), and systemic (many parts/entire body) |
What is the difference between symptoms and signs? | Symptoms are changes in body functions that can be observed ex) headache, nausea but Signs are observed and measurable ex) high bp, fever, rash |
Explain the anatomical position and its importance | the subject is erect, facing observer, hands at sides, palms forward and feet flat on the floor. it allows precision and consistent anatomical references |
Define 2 reclining positions | Prone (body lying face down), Supine (body lying face up) |
face, head, eye, ear, nose, mouth | facial, cephalic, orbital, otic, nasal, oral |
cranial region | skull |
cervical region | neck |
chest, abdomen, pelvis | thoracic, abdominal, pelvic |
buttocks | gluteal region |
arm | brachial region |
hand | manual region |
thigh, foot, ole | femoral, pedal plantar |
up and down | superior and inferior |
front and back | anterior and posterior |
towards the head | cephalic/superior |
towards the tail | caudal/inferior |
that goes before | ventral/anterior |
that which follow | dorsal/posterior |
nearest and distant | proximal and distal |
towards the midline/ away from the midline | medical and lateral |
towards the body/ interior of the body | superior and deep |
angio- | vessel |
arthro- | joint |
auto- | self |
bio- | life |
carcin- | cancer |
entero- | intestine |
erythro- | red |
gastr- | stomach |
glyco- | sugar |
gyno- | woman |
myo- | muscle |
nephr- | kidneys |
neuro- | nerve |
ocul- | eye |
odont- | tooth |
cardi- | heart |
cephal- | head |
cerebro- | brain |
chondr- | cartilage |
cost- | rib |
cranio- | skull |
derm- | skin |
hem/hemato- | blood |
hepato- | liver |
histo- | tissue |
hydro- | water |
hyster- | uterus |
leuko- | white |
lip/lipo- | fat |
Oo- | egg |
osteo- | bone |
patho- | disease |
phag- | to eat |
pneum- | air |
pulmo- | lung |
therm- | heat |
A- | without |
Anti- | against |
Bi- | two |
Cyan- | blue |
De- | from/away |
Di- | twice |
Dis- | apart/away from |
Ecto- | outside |
ef-/ex- | out of/away from |
end-/endo- | within |
epi- | upon |
extra- | outside, beyond, in addition |
hetero- | other |
semi-/hemi- | one half |
homeo-/homo- | same/similar |
hyper- | above |
hypo- | under |
infra- | beneath |
inter- | between |
intra- | within |
iso- | equal |
macr- | large |
melan- | black |
micr- | small |
mono- | single |
oligo- | little/few |
peri- | around |
poly- | many |
post- | after |
pre-/pro- | before |
sub- | below |
super- | above/ beyond |
supra- | on the upper side |
trans- | through |
-ac/-al | penetrating to |
-asis, -asia, -osis | style/ condition |
-ectomy/-tomy | excision |
-gen/-genic | to produce |
-ia | state/condition |
-itis | inflammation |
-logy | study of |
-lysis | a loosening |
-pathy | disease |
-phil/-philic | love |
-phobia | fear |
-scope | to view |
-septic | putrid |
-trophy | nourishment |
-uria | urine |
What are the 3 planes and sections? | sagittal (midline), frontal (coronal), transverse (cross section) |
What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal? | mid sagittal is two even left and right portion whereas parasagittal is uneven |
What are the 2 main body cavities? | Dorsal and Ventral |
What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity? | cranial (brain and cranial bones) and vertebral canal (vertebrae and spinal cord) |
What organ divides the ventral body cavity? | diaphragm |
What are the 2 parts of the ventral body cavity? | the thoracic cavity, and abdominopelivc cavity contain viscera |
What is contained in the thoracic cavity? | left and right pleural cavities enclosing the lungs, mediastinum (heart, lungs blood vessels, trachea), pericardial cavity |
What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity? | superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity |
What viscera is contained in the superior abdominal cavity? | stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intense, and majority of the large intestine |
What viscera is contained in the inferior pelvic cavity? | urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, female and male reproductive structures |
What is three parts of a serous membrane? | parietal layer, visceral layer, ad serous fluid |