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BIOL 156
Introduction to the Human Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is anatomy related to physiology? | Structure is related to function ex) fingers are loosely jointed to allow movement |
| How is anatomy different from physiology? | anatomy studies relationships between internal and external body structures. physiology studies how a structure functions |
| What are 2 different types of anatomy? | gross anatomy (examining large structures) and microscopic anatomy (examining small structures with magnification) |
| What are 3 types of physiology? | Systemic (body systems), Cell (cell functions), and Pathophysiology (how disease affects the function of systems). |
| What are 2 invasive techniques to examine the body? | Surgery (exploratory) and Autopsy (postmortem examination/dissection of organs to determine cause of death) |
| What are 4 low tech examining techniques? | Inspection (observation ex. redness), Palpation (feel body surfaces ex.taking pulse) , Auscultation (listen to body sounds ex.detecting abnormal shortness in breath) , Percussion (tap body surface for resulting echo ex.detection of fluid in lungs) |
| What are the 4 types of X-Rays? | conventional radiography, computed tomography, Spiral CT Scan, and radiopaque ingestion |
| What is better, conventional radiography or commuted tomography (CT) | Computed tomography is preferred because it is 3D, and provides soft tissue detail like the kidneys. |
| How does radiopaque ingestion work? | When you swallow a radioactive material like barium, it lines the gastrointestinal tract. |
| How does DSA work? | Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) injects radiopaque material into the blood vessels to provide images |
| What are 3 other high tech medical imaging techniques? | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI- high energy field differentiates normal and abnormal tissues), Sonography or Ultrasounds, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET scanning- substance emits gamma rays detected by cameras) |
| What are the 6 levels of body organization? | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism |
| What are the 6 characteristics of the living human? | Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. |
| What are the 2 chemical processes in metabolism? | Catabolism (breakdown of complex molecules), and anabolism (build up of simple molecules) |
| Give an example of how humans have responsiveness | Being able to detect change in external temperatures/ Detecting a sound and facing it |
| What is differentiation? | changes in cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state ex) stem cells to abc and wbc |
| What is homeostasis? | the use of self regulating processes by biological systems to maintain relatively constant environments |
| What 2 general mechanisms control homeostasis? | auto regulation, and extrinsic regulation |
| What is the difference between auto regulation and extrinsic regulation? | Autoregulation involve environmental changes causing organ systems to respond whereas extrinsic regulation involve the nervous and endocrine system using electrical or chemical systems |
| What role to feedback systems play? | they monitor controlled conditions ex) blood, body temperature, bp |
| What disrupts homeostasis? | stimulus (pl:stimuli) |
| What are the 3 main parts that make up a feedback system? | receptor (detect change/ send nerve or chemical signals to cc), control centre (sets range of values/ evaluates/ sends output to effectors), effectors (body structure produces response to enhance or oppose stimulus) |
| What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems? | positive fbs chances original stimulus, negative fbs reverses original stimulus |
| How does negative feedback systems control thermoregulation? | stimulus causes rise in body temp, temp sensors sends impulses to hypothalamus, brain sends impulses to sweat glands and blood vessels (effectors), and vasodilation and sweating allows restoration of homeostasis |
| How does positive feedback systems benefit blood clotting? | severe cuts lead to chemicals released, more chemicals are released to accelerate the clotting, blood vessel is patched up and bleeding stops |
| Which feedback system is more common? | the negative is more common. the positive is only used in potentially dangerous or stressful processed where there is time sensitivity |
| Name 5 homeostatic imbalances | disorder, disease, symptoms, signs, and diagnosis |
| What are 2 different disease types? | local (limited region), and systemic (many parts/entire body) |
| What is the difference between symptoms and signs? | Symptoms are changes in body functions that can be observed ex) headache, nausea but Signs are observed and measurable ex) high bp, fever, rash |
| Explain the anatomical position and its importance | the subject is erect, facing observer, hands at sides, palms forward and feet flat on the floor. it allows precision and consistent anatomical references |
| Define 2 reclining positions | Prone (body lying face down), Supine (body lying face up) |
| face, head, eye, ear, nose, mouth | facial, cephalic, orbital, otic, nasal, oral |
| cranial region | skull |
| cervical region | neck |
| chest, abdomen, pelvis | thoracic, abdominal, pelvic |
| buttocks | gluteal region |
| arm | brachial region |
| hand | manual region |
| thigh, foot, ole | femoral, pedal plantar |
| up and down | superior and inferior |
| front and back | anterior and posterior |
| towards the head | cephalic/superior |
| towards the tail | caudal/inferior |
| that goes before | ventral/anterior |
| that which follow | dorsal/posterior |
| nearest and distant | proximal and distal |
| towards the midline/ away from the midline | medical and lateral |
| towards the body/ interior of the body | superior and deep |
| angio- | vessel |
| arthro- | joint |
| auto- | self |
| bio- | life |
| carcin- | cancer |
| entero- | intestine |
| erythro- | red |
| gastr- | stomach |
| glyco- | sugar |
| gyno- | woman |
| myo- | muscle |
| nephr- | kidneys |
| neuro- | nerve |
| ocul- | eye |
| odont- | tooth |
| cardi- | heart |
| cephal- | head |
| cerebro- | brain |
| chondr- | cartilage |
| cost- | rib |
| cranio- | skull |
| derm- | skin |
| hem/hemato- | blood |
| hepato- | liver |
| histo- | tissue |
| hydro- | water |
| hyster- | uterus |
| leuko- | white |
| lip/lipo- | fat |
| Oo- | egg |
| osteo- | bone |
| patho- | disease |
| phag- | to eat |
| pneum- | air |
| pulmo- | lung |
| therm- | heat |
| A- | without |
| Anti- | against |
| Bi- | two |
| Cyan- | blue |
| De- | from/away |
| Di- | twice |
| Dis- | apart/away from |
| Ecto- | outside |
| ef-/ex- | out of/away from |
| end-/endo- | within |
| epi- | upon |
| extra- | outside, beyond, in addition |
| hetero- | other |
| semi-/hemi- | one half |
| homeo-/homo- | same/similar |
| hyper- | above |
| hypo- | under |
| infra- | beneath |
| inter- | between |
| intra- | within |
| iso- | equal |
| macr- | large |
| melan- | black |
| micr- | small |
| mono- | single |
| oligo- | little/few |
| peri- | around |
| poly- | many |
| post- | after |
| pre-/pro- | before |
| sub- | below |
| super- | above/ beyond |
| supra- | on the upper side |
| trans- | through |
| -ac/-al | penetrating to |
| -asis, -asia, -osis | style/ condition |
| -ectomy/-tomy | excision |
| -gen/-genic | to produce |
| -ia | state/condition |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -logy | study of |
| -lysis | a loosening |
| -pathy | disease |
| -phil/-philic | love |
| -phobia | fear |
| -scope | to view |
| -septic | putrid |
| -trophy | nourishment |
| -uria | urine |
| What are the 3 planes and sections? | sagittal (midline), frontal (coronal), transverse (cross section) |
| What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal? | mid sagittal is two even left and right portion whereas parasagittal is uneven |
| What are the 2 main body cavities? | Dorsal and Ventral |
| What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity? | cranial (brain and cranial bones) and vertebral canal (vertebrae and spinal cord) |
| What organ divides the ventral body cavity? | diaphragm |
| What are the 2 parts of the ventral body cavity? | the thoracic cavity, and abdominopelivc cavity contain viscera |
| What is contained in the thoracic cavity? | left and right pleural cavities enclosing the lungs, mediastinum (heart, lungs blood vessels, trachea), pericardial cavity |
| What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity? | superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity |
| What viscera is contained in the superior abdominal cavity? | stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intense, and majority of the large intestine |
| What viscera is contained in the inferior pelvic cavity? | urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, female and male reproductive structures |
| What is three parts of a serous membrane? | parietal layer, visceral layer, ad serous fluid |
Created by:
skinnypigs