Chapter 26
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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| discipline of systematics | classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
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| Taxonomy | ordered division and naming of organisms
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| binomial | The two-part scientific name of a species
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| taxon | A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
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| phylogenetic trees | Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching
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| branch point | represents the divergence of two species
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| Sister taxa | groups that share an immediate common ancestor
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| rooted tree | includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
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| basal taxon | diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group
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| polytomy | branch from which more than two groups emerge
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| Homology | similarity due to shared ancestry
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| Analogy | similarity due to convergent evolution
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| homoplasies | Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently
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| Molecular systematics | uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships
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| Cladistics | groups organisms by common descent
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| clade | group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
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| monophyletic | valid clade; signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
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| paraphyletic | consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
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| polyphyletic | consists of various species with different ancestors
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| shared ancestral character | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
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| shared derived character | an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
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| outgroup | a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup; a group that has diverged before the ingroup
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| ingroup | the various species being studied
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| Maximum parsimony | assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely
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| maximum likelihood | certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
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| Orthologous genes | found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
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| Paralogous genes | result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
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| molecular clock | uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
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| Neutral theory | states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and is not influenced by natural selection
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| Horizontal gene transfer | the movement of genes from one genome to another
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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