Chapter 8 Vocab
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| metabolism | the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
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| metabolic pathway | begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
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| Catabolic pathway | release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
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| anabolic pathway | consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
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| Bioenergetics | the study of how energy flows through living organisms
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| Kinetic Energy | energy associated with motion
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| Heat (thermal) energy | kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
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| Potential Energy | energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
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| Chemical energy | potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
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| Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations
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| Isolated System | unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings
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| Open System | energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | (principle of conservation of energy) Energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed.
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
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| Entropy | (disorder) entropy may decrease in an organism, but the universe's total entropy increases
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| Spontaneous processes | occur without energy input, for this to happen it must increase the entropy of the universe
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| Free Energy | measure of a system's instability, tendency to change to a more stable state
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| Free Energy Equation | deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS
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| Equilibrium | state of maximum stability
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| Exergonic | reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
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| Endergonic | reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is not spontaneous
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| Energy Coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
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| ATP | ribose sugar + adenine + 3 phosphate groups
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| Phosphorylation | transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule
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| Phosphorylated intermediate | the recipient molecule of the 3rd phosphate group
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| Enzyme | catalytic protein
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| Catalyst | a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
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| Activation Energy | initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction (enzymes lower this barrier to catalyze reactions)
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| Substrate | the reactant that an enzyme acts on
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| Active site | the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
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| Induced fit | chemical group of the active site in positions that enhance substrate ability to catalyze reactions
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| Cofactor | nonprotein enzyme help, can be organic or inorganic
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| Coenzyme | organic cofactor
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| Competitive Inhibitor | binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with substrate
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| Noncompetitive Inhibitor | binds to another part of an enzyme, causing enzyme to change shape and make active site less effective
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| Allosteric Regulation | occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site
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| Activator | binds to enzyme, stabilizes the active form and stimulates activity
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| Inhibitor | binds to enzyme, stabilizes the inactive form
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| Cooperativity | form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
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| Feedback Inhibition | the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
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