flashcards for questions and concepts on chapter four
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| light microscope | a machine where visible light is passed through a specimen and onto a lense that magnifies the object to a max of a few thousand times the original size
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| cell theory | all living things are composed of cells and cells come from other cells
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| electron microscope | a machine that sends a beam of electrons through an object or onto its surface
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| scanning electron microscope | a machine that scans the surface of an object to observe the detailed structure of it
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| transmission electron microscopes | a machine that emits electron beams into an object to give us insight into its internal structure (cell structure, atom structure)
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| what kind of microscope would you use to; (A). see the changes in shape of a living human white blood cell (B). the surface of a human hair (C). the detailed structure of an organelle in a liver cell | (a). light microscope
(b). sem
(c). tem
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| surface to volume ratio | the amount of surface area to the volume of an object
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| plasma membrane | the phospholipid bilayer between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell
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| prokaryotic cells | simple cells with no nucleus or complex strucutre
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| eukaryotic cells | larger cells with a more complex inner structure
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| cytosol | the nutrient rich fluid inside a cell in which organelles are suspended
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| chromosomes | a set of genes created and passed on by your parents with a specific set of genetic instructions on how your body should run
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| ribosomes | small structures that make molecules based on genetic info
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| cytoplasm | cytoplasm is the term used to describe the inside of the cell
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| nucleoid | the nucleus like area containing DNA in prokaryotic cells
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| flagella | a long motor protein protruding from a cell that flings the cell forward in a whiplike motion
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| organelles | components of the inner cell used to help the body and cell function
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| cellular metabolism | collective amount of chemical reactions produced by a cell at any given time
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| nucleus | the area of the cell dedicated to cell operations and DNA management
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| chromatin | a mass of DNA in different strucures
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| nuclear envelope | a double layer phospholipid membrane that encloses the nucleus
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| nucleolus | the primary structure in the nucleus used to house the DNA
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| endomembrane system | the sytem of reactions and cycles within a cell that leends to the cells operations and body functionality
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| vesicles | small sacs of membrane containing molecules
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| endoplasmic reticulum | the large net of molecules that houses ribosomes next to the nucleus, can be smooth or rough
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| smooth | lacks attached ribosomes
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| rough | bound ribosomes
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| glycoprotein | a polypeptide or protein formed from several sugars
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| transport vesicle | a vesicle used to transport a molecule or portion of an organelle to another part of the cell or other cell completely
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| golgi apparatus | a long curly organelle that changes proteins from the er to a more refined version
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| lysosome | a lysosome is a vesicle filled with digestive enzymes used to dissolve food, an un functional cell, or an old cell component
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| peroxisomes | peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system and are used to change fatty acids and harmful compounds
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| mitochondria | cells that carry out cellular respiration and the process of creating atp
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| mitochondrial matrix | the area inside of the mitochondrion, containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
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| christae | the several folds inside the mitochondrial matrix used to increase surface area
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| chloroplasts | organelles inside of the plant cell that carry out photosynthesis, similar to how mitochondria carry out cellular respiration
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| stroma | the thick fluid inside of plant cells similar to cytosol, containing enzymes and dna and ribosomes
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| thylakoids | interconnected sacs filled with nutrients
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| granum | towers of interconnected sacs that store thylakoids
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| endosymbiont theory | the theory created by the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria existed as a simple from of cells prior to being absorbed or consumed by another cell
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| cytoskeleton | a complex network of fibers on the inside of the cell resposnible for keeping the cells structure and moving the cell
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| microtubules | hollow tubes of globular proteins used to propel the cell and give it proper shape, they extend from a portion of the nucleus called the centrosome,
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| intermediate filaments | a long cord like fiber that supports the membrane strucuture, and helps secure some organelles
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| microfilament | fibers made of twisted double chains of actin, a motor protein
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| extracellular matrix | a series of proteins and polysacharides used to protect connect and support cells
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| integrins | proteins that bind the ecm to the cell
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| cell wall | the rigid membrane unique to plants that gives them their rigid structure
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| junctions | gap, anchoring, tight
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| tight | prevent leakage across membranes
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| gap | allow proteins and small molecules to be transported
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| anchoring | combine cells into tissues
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| plasmodesmata | junctions in plant cells
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| know statements about cells | like all cells have cell walls and internal sturcures that move
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| how do light microscopes work | light microscopes use light and glass lenses to magnify an image
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| how many millimeters are in a centimeter | 10
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| resolution is | the ability to differentiate between two objects that are close together
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| what instrument would a scientist use to determine how the cells use tiny hairs to move dirt and mucus away from lungs | a sem
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| cell theory | all living things are composed of or are cells
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| what instrument would a scientist use to magnify pollen 8000 time | sem
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| difference between sem and tem | transmission for archetechtures canning for surface
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| diameter of plant and animal cells | between 10 and 100 micrometers
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| as cell size increases the | surface area increases at a slower rate
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| what cells have the greatest surface to volume ratio | long flat ones
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| what is a solution that makes a cell larger | hypotonic
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| how would you maximize how long a cough drop lasted in your mouth | by eating it whole minimizing the parts in contact with the tongue, being dissolved
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| if a pathologist is trying to examine the structure of a patients liver cells, what machine would he use | tem
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Created by:
Reginald L.
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