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biology chapter 4, r
flashcards for questions and concepts on chapter four
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| light microscope | a machine where visible light is passed through a specimen and onto a lense that magnifies the object to a max of a few thousand times the original size |
| cell theory | all living things are composed of cells and cells come from other cells |
| electron microscope | a machine that sends a beam of electrons through an object or onto its surface |
| scanning electron microscope | a machine that scans the surface of an object to observe the detailed structure of it |
| transmission electron microscopes | a machine that emits electron beams into an object to give us insight into its internal structure (cell structure, atom structure) |
| what kind of microscope would you use to; (A). see the changes in shape of a living human white blood cell (B). the surface of a human hair (C). the detailed structure of an organelle in a liver cell | (a). light microscope (b). sem (c). tem |
| surface to volume ratio | the amount of surface area to the volume of an object |
| plasma membrane | the phospholipid bilayer between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell |
| prokaryotic cells | simple cells with no nucleus or complex strucutre |
| eukaryotic cells | larger cells with a more complex inner structure |
| cytosol | the nutrient rich fluid inside a cell in which organelles are suspended |
| chromosomes | a set of genes created and passed on by your parents with a specific set of genetic instructions on how your body should run |
| ribosomes | small structures that make molecules based on genetic info |
| cytoplasm | cytoplasm is the term used to describe the inside of the cell |
| nucleoid | the nucleus like area containing DNA in prokaryotic cells |
| flagella | a long motor protein protruding from a cell that flings the cell forward in a whiplike motion |
| organelles | components of the inner cell used to help the body and cell function |
| cellular metabolism | collective amount of chemical reactions produced by a cell at any given time |
| nucleus | the area of the cell dedicated to cell operations and DNA management |
| chromatin | a mass of DNA in different strucures |
| nuclear envelope | a double layer phospholipid membrane that encloses the nucleus |
| nucleolus | the primary structure in the nucleus used to house the DNA |
| endomembrane system | the sytem of reactions and cycles within a cell that leends to the cells operations and body functionality |
| vesicles | small sacs of membrane containing molecules |
| endoplasmic reticulum | the large net of molecules that houses ribosomes next to the nucleus, can be smooth or rough |
| smooth | lacks attached ribosomes |
| rough | bound ribosomes |
| glycoprotein | a polypeptide or protein formed from several sugars |
| transport vesicle | a vesicle used to transport a molecule or portion of an organelle to another part of the cell or other cell completely |
| golgi apparatus | a long curly organelle that changes proteins from the er to a more refined version |
| lysosome | a lysosome is a vesicle filled with digestive enzymes used to dissolve food, an un functional cell, or an old cell component |
| peroxisomes | peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system and are used to change fatty acids and harmful compounds |
| mitochondria | cells that carry out cellular respiration and the process of creating atp |
| mitochondrial matrix | the area inside of the mitochondrion, containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes |
| christae | the several folds inside the mitochondrial matrix used to increase surface area |
| chloroplasts | organelles inside of the plant cell that carry out photosynthesis, similar to how mitochondria carry out cellular respiration |
| stroma | the thick fluid inside of plant cells similar to cytosol, containing enzymes and dna and ribosomes |
| thylakoids | interconnected sacs filled with nutrients |
| granum | towers of interconnected sacs that store thylakoids |
| endosymbiont theory | the theory created by the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria existed as a simple from of cells prior to being absorbed or consumed by another cell |
| cytoskeleton | a complex network of fibers on the inside of the cell resposnible for keeping the cells structure and moving the cell |
| microtubules | hollow tubes of globular proteins used to propel the cell and give it proper shape, they extend from a portion of the nucleus called the centrosome, |
| intermediate filaments | a long cord like fiber that supports the membrane strucuture, and helps secure some organelles |
| microfilament | fibers made of twisted double chains of actin, a motor protein |
| extracellular matrix | a series of proteins and polysacharides used to protect connect and support cells |
| integrins | proteins that bind the ecm to the cell |
| cell wall | the rigid membrane unique to plants that gives them their rigid structure |
| junctions | gap, anchoring, tight |
| tight | prevent leakage across membranes |
| gap | allow proteins and small molecules to be transported |
| anchoring | combine cells into tissues |
| plasmodesmata | junctions in plant cells |
| know statements about cells | like all cells have cell walls and internal sturcures that move |
| how do light microscopes work | light microscopes use light and glass lenses to magnify an image |
| how many millimeters are in a centimeter | 10 |
| resolution is | the ability to differentiate between two objects that are close together |
| what instrument would a scientist use to determine how the cells use tiny hairs to move dirt and mucus away from lungs | a sem |
| cell theory | all living things are composed of or are cells |
| what instrument would a scientist use to magnify pollen 8000 time | sem |
| difference between sem and tem | transmission for archetechtures canning for surface |
| diameter of plant and animal cells | between 10 and 100 micrometers |
| as cell size increases the | surface area increases at a slower rate |
| what cells have the greatest surface to volume ratio | long flat ones |
| what is a solution that makes a cell larger | hypotonic |
| how would you maximize how long a cough drop lasted in your mouth | by eating it whole minimizing the parts in contact with the tongue, being dissolved |
| if a pathologist is trying to examine the structure of a patients liver cells, what machine would he use | tem |
Created by:
Reginald L.
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