Nursing Level I Theory Test #2
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| Maslow's Physiological Needs | 1st level. Crucial for survival : air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity, temperature maintenance.
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| Maslow's Safety and Security Needs | 2nd level. Physiological and Physical aspects. The person needs to feel safe in the physical environment and in relationships.
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| Maslow's Love and Belonging Needs | 3rd level. Giving and receiving affection, attaining a place in a group, and maintaining the feeling of belonging.
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| Maslow's Self-Esteem Needs | 4th level. Need for self-esteem: independence, competence, self-respect. Need for esteem from others: recognition, respect, appreciation.
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| Maslow's Actualization Needs | 5th level. Highest level. After all other levels are met an individual has an innate need to develop one's maximum potential and realize one's abilities and qualities.
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| Cephalocaudal growth occurs in which direction? | From the head down.
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| Proximodistal growth occurs in which direction? | From the center of the body out.
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| Growth | Physical change that increase in size and can be measured quantitatively, such as height and weight.
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| Development | Increase in the complexity of function and skill progression.
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| Growth and Development Principle Definition | Continuous, orderly, sequential processes influenced by maturational, environmental, and genetic factors.
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| Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994) | People continue to develop throughout life. 8 stages of development.
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| Trust vs Mistrust | Erikson. Birth to 18 months. Primary care giver meets the needs of food, shelter, and personal care.
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| Autonomy vs Shame and Guilt | Erikson. 18 months to 3 years. Development of controlling bodily functions.
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| Initiative vs Guilt | Erikson. 3 to 5 years. Assertiveness and behavioral awareness. If unsuccessful the child will have decreased self-confidence and a feeling of fear.
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| Industry vs Inferiority | Erikson. 6-12 years. Success indicates the child's ability to create. Negative response is withdrawal and a sense of hopelessness.
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| Intimacy vs Isolation | Erikson. Adolescents 12 - 20 years. Exploring relationships and work experience. Negative response would be avoidance of career or relationship.
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| Generativity vs Stagnation | Erikson. Adulthood 25 - 65 years. Creativity and development of other interests.
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| Integrity vs Despair | Erikson. 65 years to death. Individuals accept their life and their ultimate death.
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| Robert Peck (1968) | Physical capabilities and functions decrease with old age, but mental and social capacities tend to increase in the latter part of life. 3 Developmental Tasks during old age.
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| Ego Differentiation vs Work-Role Preoccupation | Peck. An adult's identity and feelings of worth are highly dependent on that person's work role. Upon retirement that role may need to be replaced by a number of other roles (Golf or gardening) for self-esteem.
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| Body Transcendence vs Body Preoccupation | Peck. Individuals must adjust to decreasing physical capabilities while maintaining a feeling of well-being.
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| Ego Transcendence vs Ego Preoccupation | Peck. Acceptance without fear of one's death as inevitable vs holding on to life with a need for self-gratification.
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| Robert Havighurst (1900-1991) | 6 stages - 6 to 10 task each. Learning is basic to life and people continue learning throughout life.
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| Havighurst Infancy and Early Childhood Tasks | 1.Walk 2.Eat 3.Talk 4.Toilet Training 5.Sexual Differences/Modesty 6.Psychological Stability 7.Concept of Social and Physical Reality 8.Emotional Relations 9.Right from Wrong/Conscience
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| Havighurst Middle Childhood Tasks | 1.Ordinary Skills 2.Wholesome Self Attitude 3.Get Along with Age-Mates 4.Masculine/Feminine Roles 5.Fundamental Skills 6.Everyday Living Concepts 7.Conscience/Morals/Values 8.Personal Independence 9.Opinions/Attitudes
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| Havighurst Adolescence Tasks | 1.Mature Relations 2.Masculine/Feminine Roles 3.Accepting Physique 4.Emotional Independence 5.Economic Independence 6.Prepare for Occupation/Marriage/Family 7.Intellectual Skills 8.Behavior 9.Values/Ethics
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| Havighurst Early Adulthood Tasks | 1.Mate 2.Live with Partner 3.Family 4.Children 5.Manage a Home 6.Start Occupation 7.Civic Responsibility 8.Congenial Social Group
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| Havighurst Middle Age Tasks | 1.Civic/Social Responsibility 2.Economic Standards 3.Assisting Teenage Children 4.Adult Leisure Time 5.Relating to Spouse as a Person 6.Accepting/Adjusting to Physiological Change 7.Aging Parents
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| Havighurst Maturity Tasks | 1.Adjusting to Physical Strength/Health 2.Adjusting to Retirement/Income 3.Adjusting to Death of Spouse 4.Affiliation with Age Group 5.Social/Civic Responsibility 6.Physical Living Arrangements
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| Roger Gould | Studied Adult Development. 7 Stages beginning with age 16.
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| Gould Stage 1 (ages 16-18) | Individuals consider themselves part of the family rather than individuals and want to separate from their parents.
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| Gould Stage 2 (ages 18-22) | Although the individual has established autonomy, they feel it is in jeopardy; they feel they could be pulled back into their families.
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| Gould Stage 3 (ages 22-28) | Individuals feel established as adults and autonomous from families. Feel well-defined, but still want to prove themselves to parents. Time for growing and building the future.
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| Gould Stage 4 (age 28-34) | Marriage and career are well established. Question what life is about. No longer feel the need to prove themselves.
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| Gould Stage 5 (ages 34-43) | Period of self-reflection. Question values and life. See time as finite, with little time left to shape lives of adolescent children.
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| Gould Stage 6 (ages 43-50) | Personalities are seen as set. Time is accepted as finite. Interests in social activities with friends and spouse. Desire sympathy and affection from spouse.
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| Gould Stage 7 (ages 50-60) | Period of transformation. Realization of mortality and concern for health. Increase in warmth and a decrease in negativism. Spouse is seen as valuable.
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| Cognitive Development Theory | Manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language and other symbols.
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| Jean Piaget (1896-1980) | Most widely known cognitive theorist. 5 major phases.
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| Piaget's Theory | Cognitive development is an orderly, sequential process in which a variety of new experiences must exist before intellectual abilities can develop .
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| Piaget's 5 Major Phases | Sensorimotor phase, preconceptual phase, Intuitive thought phase, concrete operations phase, formal operations phase.
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| Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) | Specifically addresses moral development in children and adults. 3 Levels and 6 stages.
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| Moral | Relating to right and wrong
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| Morality | Requirements necessary for people to live together in society
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| Moral Behavior | The way a person perceives the requirements necessary for people to live together in society and how they respond to them.
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| Moral Development | Pattern of change in moral behavior with age.
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| Kohlberg's Preconventional Level | Responding to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right and wrong. Punishment or reward.
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| Kohlberg's Conventional Level | Conformity and loyalty to one's own expectations as well as society's. Concerns about maintaining the expectations of the family, group, or nation and sees this as right.
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| Kohlberg's Postconventional Level | People make an effort to define valid values and principles without regard to outside authority or to the expectation of others.
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| James Fowler | Describes faith as a force that gives meaning to a persons life.
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| Fowler's Paradoxical-Consolidative Phase | Occurs after 30 years of age with awareness of truth from many different view points.
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| Fowler's Universalizing Phase | An individual may never reach this stage. The individual expresses the principles of love and justice in their life.
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Appearance | Hair: thin/grey Skin: decreased turgor/moisture/subQ fat, and wrinkling. Fatty tissue redistributed=fat in abdominal area
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Musculoskeletal System | Muscle bulk decreases at 60. Thinning intervertebral disks=decrease in height. Calcium lose in bone tissue.
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Cardiovascular System | Blood vessels lose elasticity and become thicker.
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Sensory Perception | Visual acuity declines by late 40's. Auditory acuity for high-frequency sounds declines.
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Metabolism | Slows, and may result in weight gain.
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Gastrointestinal System | Gradual decrease in large intestine tone and may cause constipation.
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| Middle-Ages Adult Physical Change in Urinary System | Nephron units are lost, and glomerular filtration rate decreases.
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| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Sexuality | Hormonal changes take place.
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