Chapter 7 Vocab
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| Selective Permeability | allows some substances to cross the plasma membrane more easily than others
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| amphipathic | contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
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| fluid mosaic model | a membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it
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| effect of cholesterol on membrane at a warm temperature | retrains movement of phospholipids
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| effect of cholesterol on membrane at a cool temperature | maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
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| Gap Junction | a passage between membranes in animal cells
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| Plasmadesmada | channels that perforate plant cell walls
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| Tight Junction | prevents fluid from moving across a layer of cells in animals
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| The major functions of membrane proteins | transport, enzyme activity, signal transduction pathway, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix
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| carbs role in cell to cell recognition | they recognize each other by binding to molecules on the extracellular matrix of the plasma membrane
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| transport proteins | allow passage of hydrophilic substances across a membrane
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| channel proteins | hydrophilic channel that certain molecules use as a tunnel
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| Aquaporins | facilitate passage of water across membrane
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| Carrier proteins | bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across membrane
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| Diffusion | tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
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| Dynamic Equilibrium | molecules cross in both directions until equal
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| Concentration gradient | region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases (passive transport)
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
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| Tonicity | ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
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| Isotonic solution | the solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell, no net water movement
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| Hypertonic | the solute concentration is greater inside the cell than outside, cell loses water
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| Hypotonic | solute concentration is less inside the cell than outside, cell gains water
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| Turgid | plant cell in hypotonic solution swells until walls oppose uptake
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| Flaccid | plant cell is isotonic with surroundings, no net movement of water (becomes limp)
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| Plasmolysis | hypertonic environment, membrane pulls away from cell wall causing plant to wilt
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| Osmoregulation | control of solute concentration and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in water environments
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| Facilitated Diffusion | transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane
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| Active transport | moves substances against concentration gradient, requires ATP
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| membrane potential | the voltage difference across a membrane created by differences in the distribution of ions across a membrane
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| Electrochemical Gradient | drive diffusion of ions across a membrane by chemical and electrical force
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| chemical force | effect of ions concentration gradient on electrochemical gradient
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| electrical force | effect of membrane potential on ion movement in electrochemical gradient
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| Electrogenic pump | transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, helps store energy for cellular work
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| Cotransport | occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
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| Exocytosis | transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell
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| Endocytosis | cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
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| Phagocytosis | cellular eating, food taken in and then bind to lysosome to digest
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| Pinocytosis | cellular drinking, extracellular fluid with droplets enter cell in tiny vesicles
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | binding of ligands to receptors trigger vesicle formation
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| ligand | any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
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