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Bio Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Selective Permeability | allows some substances to cross the plasma membrane more easily than others |
| amphipathic | contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| fluid mosaic model | a membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it |
| effect of cholesterol on membrane at a warm temperature | retrains movement of phospholipids |
| effect of cholesterol on membrane at a cool temperature | maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing |
| Gap Junction | a passage between membranes in animal cells |
| Plasmadesmada | channels that perforate plant cell walls |
| Tight Junction | prevents fluid from moving across a layer of cells in animals |
| The major functions of membrane proteins | transport, enzyme activity, signal transduction pathway, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix |
| carbs role in cell to cell recognition | they recognize each other by binding to molecules on the extracellular matrix of the plasma membrane |
| transport proteins | allow passage of hydrophilic substances across a membrane |
| channel proteins | hydrophilic channel that certain molecules use as a tunnel |
| Aquaporins | facilitate passage of water across membrane |
| Carrier proteins | bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across membrane |
| Diffusion | tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | molecules cross in both directions until equal |
| Concentration gradient | region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases (passive transport) |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration |
| Tonicity | ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
| Isotonic solution | the solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell, no net water movement |
| Hypertonic | the solute concentration is greater inside the cell than outside, cell loses water |
| Hypotonic | solute concentration is less inside the cell than outside, cell gains water |
| Turgid | plant cell in hypotonic solution swells until walls oppose uptake |
| Flaccid | plant cell is isotonic with surroundings, no net movement of water (becomes limp) |
| Plasmolysis | hypertonic environment, membrane pulls away from cell wall causing plant to wilt |
| Osmoregulation | control of solute concentration and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in water environments |
| Facilitated Diffusion | transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane |
| Active transport | moves substances against concentration gradient, requires ATP |
| membrane potential | the voltage difference across a membrane created by differences in the distribution of ions across a membrane |
| Electrochemical Gradient | drive diffusion of ions across a membrane by chemical and electrical force |
| chemical force | effect of ions concentration gradient on electrochemical gradient |
| electrical force | effect of membrane potential on ion movement in electrochemical gradient |
| Electrogenic pump | transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, helps store energy for cellular work |
| Cotransport | occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances |
| Exocytosis | transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell |
| Endocytosis | cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| Phagocytosis | cellular eating, food taken in and then bind to lysosome to digest |
| Pinocytosis | cellular drinking, extracellular fluid with droplets enter cell in tiny vesicles |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | binding of ligands to receptors trigger vesicle formation |
| ligand | any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule |
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