Bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, biological considerations
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| Serotonin | Regulates mood, anxiety, and appetite.
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| Dopamine | Regulates energy, reward, motivation, mood, and attention
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| Norepinephrine | Regulates mood, alertness, concentration, and energy.
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| GABA | Regulates anxiety and sleep.
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| Glutamine | Regulates memory and learning
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| Acetylcholine | Regulates memory and attentiveness
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| Akathesia, Akinesia, oculogyric crisis, dystonia, TD tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinsonism | Extrapyramidal symptoms
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| Ataxia | Generalized disturbance of muscle coordination
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| Choreoatheotic movements | Involuntary wave-like movements of the extremities.
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| Depression results from a deficiency of neuronal and synaptic catecholamines--primarily norepinephrine | biogenic amine hypothesis
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| The reduced concentration of serotonin is the predisposing factor in patients with affective disorders. Derpession=decreases in both seratonin and catecholamine. Mania=increased dopamine and norepinephrine & decreased serotonin | Permissive hypothesis (lead to the creation of SSRIs)
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| High fever, unstable BP, myoglobinemia. Slow, steady increase of temperature and spikes of BP, +20 mmHg in some cases. | s/s neuroleptic malignant syndrome. May be caused by antipsychotics.
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| Discontinue antipsychotic therapy and administer benztropine (Cogentin), trihexyphenidyl (Artane), or benedryl | Treatment for NMS
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| Involuntary motor symptoms similar to those associated with Parkinson's disease; also known as pseudoparkinsonism. | Extrapyrimidal symptoms. May be caused by antipsychotics, especially with long-term use.
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| Akathisia | Distressing motor restlessness characterized by feelings of weakness and muscle fatigue
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| Dystonia | Painful muscle spasms manifested by torticollis and rolling back of the eyes
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| Involuntary contractions of oral and facial muscles and choreoathetosis | Tardive dyskinesia
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| Psuedoparkinsonism | A side effect of antipsychotic drugs characterized by mask-like facies, pill rolling tremors, muscle rigidity
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| Tardive dyskinesia | manifested by lip smacking, wormlike movement of the tongue
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