Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life/Cells and Organelles
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| A compound containing carbon | organic molecule
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| Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen | Hydro-carbons
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| Large molecules | Macromolecules
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| 4 chemical groups most important to life | 1). Phosphate
2). Amino acid
3). Sulfhydral
4). Carboxyl
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| 2 ways chemical groups contribute to the function of a molecule | 1). Shape
2). Chemical reactions
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| What is ATP made up of? | 1). Adenine
2). Sugar
3). 3 phosphate groups
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| What is the function of ATP? | Capture and transport energy
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| Small molecules that serve as building blocks | Monomers
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| Longer molecules made of many similar building blocks | Polymers
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| A chemical reaction that links monomers together by pulling out water is _______? | Dehydration synthesis
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| A chemical reaction that breaks monomers apart by adding water is ______? | Hydrolysis
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| Carbohydrates include both ______ and _______ sugars | Simple and Complex
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| What type of carbons are carbohydrates? | Saturated
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| General formula of carbohydrates | C[H2O]
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| When two monomers are joined, a molecule of _____ is removed | Water
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| One unit of sugar is called a ______ | Monosaccharide
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| 2 examples of monosaccharides are _______ and ________ | Glucose and Fructose
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| Two units of sugar linked together are called a __________ | Disaccharide
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| 3 examples of disaccharides are ________, _________, and _______ | Sucrose, lactose, and maltose
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| Many units of sugar linked together are called a ______ | Trisaccharide
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| Definition of glycogen (also in a Trisacc.) | Storage form of glucose in animals
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| Definition of starch (also in a Trisacc.) | Storage form of glucose in plants
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| Definition of cellulose (also in a Trisacc.) | Structural component of plant cell walls
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| Lipids are made from _______ and __________ | Glycerol backbone and fatty acid chains
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| What is the main function of fats? | Long-term energy storage
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| What type of fat is solid at room temperature and is found in animals? | Saturated fat
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| What type of fat is liquid at room temperature and is found in plants? | Unsaturated fat
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| Lipids that are a part of the cell membrane are called _______ | Phospholipids
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| Lipids made of a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings are called ______ | Steroids
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| A crucial steroid in animals is ______ | Cholesterol
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| 2 functions of cholesterol | 1). Part of the cell membrane
2). Used to make steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
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| There are ________ of proteins making up 50% of the dry mass of most cells | Tens of thousands
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| What is the monomer of proteins? | Amino acids
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| How are amino acids joined? | Dehydration synthesis
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| What is the polymer of proteins? | Polypeptide chain
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| What gives each protein its specific function? | Physical and chemical properties of side chains
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| A change in shape leading to change in function | Denature
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| What is the Central Dogma of Science? (formula) | DNA -> RNA -> protein
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| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides
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| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | 1). Nitrogen base
2). 5 carbon sugar
3). 1 or more phosphate group
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| Nucleotides are linked together by _______ synthesis and broken by _________ | Dehydration and hydrolosis
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| Pyramidine pairs with a _____ | Purine
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| Guanine pairs with ________ | Cytosine
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| Thymine pairs with _______ | Uracil
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| All organisms are made of ________ | Cells
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| Basic features of a cell | Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribsomes
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| A barrier in cells that allows oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through it | Plasma membrane
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| What organelle contains DNA in a eukaryotic cell? | Nucleus
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| What uses the information from DNA to make proteins? | Ribsomes
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| The _______ envelope encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm | Nuclear
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| The ________ _________ is a double membrane that each consists of a lipid bilayer | Nuclear Membrane
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| DNA in the nucleus is organized into units called ________ | Chromosomes
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| The nucleolus is responsible for what type of synthesis? | Ribosomal RNA synthesis
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| Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in what two places? | 1). Cytosol
2). Rough ER
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| Lacks ribosomes | Smooth ER
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| Surface is studded with ribosomes | Rough ER
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| What are the functions of the smooth ER? | 1). Synthesizes lipids
2). Metabolizes carbohydrates
3). Detoxifies
4). Stores calcium ions
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| What are the functions of the rough ER? | 1). Has bound ribosomes that secrete glycoproteins
2). Distributes transport vesicles
3). Is a membrane factory for the cell
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| Functions of the golgi apparatus | 1). Modifies products of the ER
2). Manufactures macromolecules
3). Sorts and packages
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| Lysosome is a ______ | Sack of enzymes that can digest macromolescules
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| What can a lysosome fuze with to digest molecules? | Food vacuole
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| What are vacuoles? | Large vesicles from the ER?
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| Site of cellular respiration in a cell is ________ | Mitochondria
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| What produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water? | Hydrogen peroxide
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| In animal cells, microtubules grow out of a _________ | Centrosome
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