Biology Test #1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Atoms | smallest observable unit of matter in a RXN.
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| CHNOPS | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphate, Sulfur
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| Chemical Bonds | hold atoms together in a molecule/compound
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| Ionic Bonds | Positive/negative atoms attract and link together
Separate in water (electrolytes/minerals living things need)
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| Covalent Bonds | Share electrons, Protons same on both atoms, electrons equal protons with some shared
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| Molecule/Compound | Consists of 2 or more atoms held together by a form of a chemical bond
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| Ions | Any atom or molecule that has a charge (+/-)
(when atoms gain or lose electrons they become ions)
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| Polarity | opposite ends have opposite charges (form H bonds with water)
sometimes happens in a covalent bond where electrons are not shared equally making one side more charged causing polarity
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| Non-polar | Don't form H bonds with water dissolve poorlu
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| Solubility | Ability of solute to dissolve in solvent
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| solute | dissolves into solvent
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| solvent | liquid in which solute dissolves in
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| Polar molecules | Love Water (Hydrophilic)
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| Hydrophilic | Love water dissolve easily
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| Hydrophobic | Water fearing dissolve poorly
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| Chemical RXN's | Making and breaking of bonds
Can be reversed in biology so pay attn to arrow
reactants left products right
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| Organic | Contains Carbon and Hydrogen atoms
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| Inorganic molecules | Dont contain Carbon and Hydrogen atoms
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| Polymer | Large organic molecule made by monomers linking together.
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| Making/Breaking Polymers | Making polymer = dehydration or condensation rxn
Breaking polymer = Hydrolysis RXN
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| Carbohydrates | Contain Carbon, Hydrogen,Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
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| Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide | one carbon ring
two carbon rings
many carbon rings
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| Function of cells | Energy/storage
Build complex structures
Signal Molecules
Part of DNA and RNA
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| Lipids (functions) | Fats:Insoluble in water
Functions:Energy source and storage/part of cell membrane/ signaling/protection
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| Triglycerides | Type of lipid:
entirely hydrophobic with 3 straight tails, link together/solids
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| Steroids | Type of Lipid:
no fatty acids/20 carbon atoms/ 4 carbon ring/no tails
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| Phospholipids | Type of Lipid:
2 Tails, phosphate(hydrophilic) head, Hydrophobic tails
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| Fatty acids | very hydrophobic/insoluble/nonpolar
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| Amino Acids | Used as signals or precursers to other things
Anime/Carboxyl/Side R group
20 common amino acids that differ at the R group
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| Proteins (functions) | Polymers of amino acids formed by peptide bonds
Function:enzymes, signaling, structure, defense, transport, motors, energy source.
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| Primary structure | sequence of amino acids in a protein that determines everything
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| Nucleic Acid | [[Polymers of nucleotides]]
Carry energy,help enzymes, send messages
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| cell membrane | Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids arrange in bi-layer, proteins stay in bi-layer
Fluid part"unless anchored proteins/phospholipids can move freely)
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| Semi Permeable Selectively permeable | Some things can pass in some cannot
what can/ cant pass through is regulated
This is determined by membrane protiens
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| Membrane Functions | Seperate the outside and inside of a cell
controls what enters/leaves (energy,information,material)
Some chemical rxn's occur in or on membrane
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| organelles | Structures that have specialized functions
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| Process | Anything that can happen
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| Spontaneous Non-spontaneous | happens on its own releases energy
consumes energy
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| Coupled processes | non-spontaneous process paired with a spontaneous and uses the spontaneous rxns energy to carry out its process
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| catalyst | speed up reaction without being consumed
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| enzyme | catalyst of biology, most are proteins and have metal parts
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| metabolism | all chemical reactions and other processes
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| ATP | A nucleotide that is an immediate energy source for cellular process that require energy
Energy in almost all Processes
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| Membrane transport | Important cell function that moves things in and out of cells
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| Passive transport | Simple diffusion(high to low concentration)
Facilitated diffusion
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| Osmosis | transfer from high to low concentration (water) across a semi permeable membrane
Water moves through aqua ports
[[Water follows the solute]]
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| Facilitated diffusion | requires transfer protein
polar and charged ions
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| Isotonic Soln | solute out = solute in
No osmosis
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| Hypertonic Soln | Solute out > solute in
Osmosis directed out
cell shrinks
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| Hypotonic Soln | solute out < solute in
Osmosis directed in
Cell swells (can burst)
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| Active Transport | Low to high concentration
Requires energy usually ATP
Requires a membrane protien (pump)
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| Oxidation Reduction | Lose Electrons
Gain Electrons
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| Oxidation/Reduction | Electrons can be transferred as H+ ions
happens in many rxns
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| Electrons/Energy | Energy of a molecule depends on how much energy the electrons have
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| Photosynthesis | Redox Rxn
CO2 reduced, Water Oxidizes
Couples with light rxn to occur
light goes to chemical energy in the chloroplasts
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| Light RXN summary | Light energy gets converted to chemical energy ATP- High energy NADPH
Good Electron Donor NADPH has been made for the reduction of CO2
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| Calvin-Benson Cycle | CO2 = Low energy CH2O = High energy
Energy in ATP and NADPH added to the C atoms during the cycle
C atoms reduced by NADPH G3P is the product (a 3-c Sugar)
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| Aerobic Cellular Respiration | Process that gets energy out of high energy nucleotides in ATP
Oxidation of Glucose = Spontaneous
Synthesis of ATP is not spontaneous
Is a redox process
Glucose oxidized Oxygen reduced
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| Impt Reactions Redox: Substance level phosphorylations Decarbodylations | Electrons Transferred as NADH and FADH
Make Some ATP
Release CO2
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| Krebs Cycle | all 6 C atoms releas os CO2
Some energy transeferd to 4 ATP molecules
H atoms and energy from glucose now NADH amd FADH2
Redox not finished most energy left in high energy electrons
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| Getting energy out of High Energy Electrons | NADH and FADH2 travel through redox rxns in cristae membranes and release energy
Energy used to actively transport H+ across cristae membrane
Energy now in H+ which moves across membrane and ATP synthase uses that energy to make ATP
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Created by:
eriksherf
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