Biology
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| bryophytes |
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| taxonomist | one who studies the diversity of life, including the basic task of identification of species
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| E. O. Wilson | a Harvard biologist (now retired but very active) he works as an entomologist but is also a consummate scientist in that he has helped to establish new disciplines within biology (e.g. sociobiology)
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| entomologist |
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| biophilia | the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life
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| Zeitgeist | spirit of the age; the thought or feeling of a period of time
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| Reductionism | to reduce the whole to its parts, or to reduce complex phenomena to their working components.
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| Emergent properties | with each level of organization, properties emerge that cannot be predicted based on knowledge of the parts alone
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| Living Organisms... 1. Reproduce 2. are Composed of Chemicals 3. Acquire Materials and Energy 4. Sense & Respond to Environmental Stimuli 5. Have the Capacity to Mutate 6. Life exhibits organization at many levels | how to define life
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| mitosis (cell division) | the means of asexual reproduction--one cell divides into two and each goes its separate way becoming a new individual, no, or little, cell differentiation is required
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| meiosis | required to reduce the chromosome number from the diploid to the haploid state
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| organic chemicals | carbon based chemicals
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| metabolism | chemical reactions within an organism that transfers energy
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| Element | a substance that can't be broken down to substances with different properties
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| Atom | smallest unit of an element & is an element; usually consisting of negatively charged electrons orbiting a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
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| atomic number | represents the number of protons, unique for each element
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| # electrons | usually is same as # protons, number can vary
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| # neutrons | may vary between atoms of the same element
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| isotope | An atoms of an element w/a specified number of neutrons
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| ions | charged atoms
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| molecule | atoms bonded together
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| ionic bond | a relatively weak bond formed by the electrostatic or electromagnetic attraction between (+) & (-) ions [opposite charges attract]
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| covalent bond | a bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms
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| hydrogen bond | weak bond between slightly positive H atom that is polar covalently bonded elsewhere and a slightly negative atom that is polar covalently bonded to another molecule or to a different part of the same molecule to which the H atom belongs
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| polar covalent bonds | when electrons shared unequally between atoms w/in a molecule
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| cohesive | water clings to itself
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| adhesive | water clings to hydrophilic substances and surfaces
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| hydrophilic | "water loving" substances and surfaces; such substances will bear charges and often exhibit polarity, i.e. exhibits both negative and positive charges at opposite ends
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| Polar substances | dissolve readily in water (ex. sugar)
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| Inorganic moleculeS | contain no carbon chains or rings
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| Simple Sugars | (made by plants) C,H,& O, the simplest ingredients.
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| Fatty Acids | C,H, & O but many O’s removed forming long chains of hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen only); made from sugars.
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| Amino Acids | C, H, O, N, & S – we acquire most from the food we eat; ultimately plants are the original manufacturers.
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| Nucleotides | C, H, O, N, P – we acquire from food and the restructuring of the other organic molecules
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| Carbohydrates | All are sugar-based molecules.
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| Monosaccharides | simple sugars, ex. The 6-carbon sugar glucose
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| Disaccharides | two simple sugars bound together, ex. Maltose
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| Polysaccharides | many simple sugars bound together
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| cellulose | plant cells walls
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| chitin | insect exoskeletons & fungi cell walls
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| Lipids | fatty acids, waxes, and steroids (all hydrophobic)
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| Fats and Oils | often have fatty acids occurring 3 per molecule = Triglyceride
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| unsaturated fats | oils [fatty acids have some double bonds between carbons, hence some carbon are bond to only one H]
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| saturated fats | fats(solid)[no double bonds between carbons]
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| Energy storage | 1 gram of fat has twice the energy as 1 gram of carbohydrate. Animals store fat under the skin; plants store fats and oils in seeds as long term storage for embryonic plant (in nuts, i.e. large seeds, particularly).
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| Protection & insulation | cushions vital organs (kidney); blubber in whales & seals
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| Waxes | Ear wax; bees wax; plant cuticle (waxy covering of plants that protects against water loss, i.e. desiccation)
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| Steroids | Cholesterol (in cell membranes & used to make the sex hormones); testosterone & estrogen
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| Phospholipids | major component of cell membranes
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| proteins | made of Amino Acids held together by peptide bonds
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| peptide bonds | covalent bonds that join amino acids
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| polypeptide | a protein
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| 20 | how many different amino acids are there?
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| Globular proteins | have crevices that interact with other molecules (hemoglobin has a crevice to hold O2; enzymes have crevices to facilitate and speed up or catalyze chemical reactions
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| Fibrous proteins | provide for structural strength as keratin (fibers in hair), collagen (fibers in muscle and bone); actin and myosine are fibrous proteins that contract for muscle movement
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| hormones |
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| antibodies | protein molecules produced by the immune system that combat foreign invaders (bacteria and viruses)
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| nucleotides | consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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| DNA, RNA, and ATP | 3 important nucleic acids
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | a Dutch shopkeeper, discovered microscopic life.
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| Robert Hooke | an English scientist who coined term “cell” for empty compartments in cork.
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| Spontaneous generation | now an outdated theory that a vital force would cause microbes (cells) to arise from nonliving matter, was a widely accepted explanation for the occurrence of certain forms of life (especially microbes)
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| All life is composed of cells The smallest living unit is the cell Cells arise from preexisting cells | the cell theory
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| Schleiden (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist) and Virchow | three German scientists that came up with the cell theory
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| Mechanism and reductionism | two characteristics of science
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| lignin | material that makes the wall hard as in wood from a tree
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| Adhesion proteins | found on the membranes of cells forming intact tissues
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| Fluid Mosaic Model. | Know that the name given to this knowledge or understanding of membrane structure is the __________
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| Transport proteins (passive transporters & active transporters) | transport some molecules and ions in/out of cell
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| Enzymes | Membranes are sites of many chemical reactions and embedded enzymes (proteins) are chemical catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) that occur on the surface of membranes
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| Recognition proteins |
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| Receptor proteins | Membranes, or more specifically the proteins protruding from the membranes, receive chemical messages
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| Prokaryotic cells | are all bacterial cells. Only bacteria are prokaryotic in cell type, they are the only prokaryotes
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| E. coli | the colon bacillus
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| Eukaryotic cells | are more complex internally than prokaryotic cells
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| Cytoplasm | a chemical solution with floating “chemical factories”
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| Cytoskeleton | internal system of microfilaments in cytoplasm: These move objects through cytoplasm [ex. chromosomes during cell division; packages of chemicals (vesicles) are moved about within the cell with help from the ______________]
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| organelles | “chemical factories”
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| Membranous Organelles | specialized compartments
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| Vesicles | packages of molecules transported w/in cell or secreted outside cell, ex. hormones, components of mucus
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| Lysosomes | vesicles w/digestive enzymes, digest foreign invaders, recycle cell parts, & digest carbohydrates, proteins, and other types of molecules
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| Golgi apparatus (also called Gogi bodies or Golgi complex) | a packing center, consists of folded membranes (like stacks of pita bread), creates vesicles
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | SYNTHESIS CENTER, consists of folded membranes that create pockets isolated from rest of cytoplasm.
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| Rough ER | w/ribosomes, for protein synthesis
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| Smooth ER | w/out ribosomes, for lipid synthesis
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| Mitochondria | “power houses,” produce ATP through cellular respiration (in all live eukaryotic cells)
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| Chloroplasts | in plants and some algae; photosynthesis
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| endosymbiosis | one cell lives inside another in a mutually beneficial relationship
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| Nucleus | holds genetic information, sends instructions to cytoplasm
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| Central vacuole | large water-filled vacuole in plant cells
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| Cell walls | bacteria, plants, fungi, algae (NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS) rigid or flexible, for support
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| Flagella (sing. flagellum) | whip-like, hair-like projections, occur singly or few: ex. sperm
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| Cilia | short, numerous, ex. protozoa, fallopian tubes, wind pipe. For movement of fluid.
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| Plasma membrane | and other membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of embedded proteins; help regulate movement of chemicals across their boundary.
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| adenosine triphosphate | ATP
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| Diffusion | a common way many substances move into and out of cells; may be defined as the passive movement of molecules from an area where they are more highly concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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| Osmosis | Diffusion of water into or out of the cell
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| Endocytosis & Exocytosis | vesicles forming at the plasma membrane bring material in; vesicles fusing with plasma membrane dump material out
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| Passive transport | diffusion through transport proteins for which the phospholipid bilayer is a barrier, ex. glucose
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| Active Transport | transport proteins expend energy (ATP) to move molecules from low concentration to high concentration, ex. calcium
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| Energy | the capacity to do work; bring about change
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| 1. ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED BUT IT CAN CHANGE FORM 2. WITH EACH ENERGY CONVERSION SOME ENERGY IS "LOST" AS HEAT | two laws of energy
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| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | Light energy is converted to chemical bond energy by means of
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| HEAT | random motion, which can be seen as disorder or energy that can't be used
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| entropy | is a measure of a system's disorder
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| Enzymes | control each reaction in a metabolic pathway; globular proteins w/ specific shape
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| “Substrates” | are the reactants in an enzyme facilitated reaction
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| “Active site” | is the "crevice" part of an enzyme whose shape fits that of the substrates
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| ATP | the energy currency of the cell; is needed for many enzyme catalyzed reactions
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| oxidation-reduction | The transfer of electrons between chemicals
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| Photosynthesis | is an energy conversion converting light energy to chemical bond energy
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| van Helmont | a Belgian physician, devised simple experiment in which he grew a willow tree seedling for five years in a bucket containing a known quantity of soil. The tree gained roughly 195 pounds while the soil lost less than one pound
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| Joseph Priestly | (England) put things under bell jars. Mouse kept alive in bell jar with plant.
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| photosystems | Upon the inner chloroplast membranes photosynthetic pigments are arranged into these discrete patches
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| chlorophyll | pigment molecules that absorb light energy
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| photolysis | process of splitting water molecules
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| Carbon fixation | the conversion of inorganic CO2 into carbohydrates
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| Fossil fuels | plants from 350 MYA (Carboniferous Period) died, were covered with sediments, and became coal
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| chemoautotrophs | bacteria which use chemical bond energy of iron and sulfur compounds to fix carbon dioxide
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| Autotrophs | organisms that create their own food by fixing CO2 into an organic form: requires outside energy source
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| photoautotrophs | organism that requires sun for an energy source
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| Heterotrophs | organisms that feed on food already formed by autotrophs
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