Microbiology
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| The Plasma membrane is made of: | Phosolipid biylaer which consist of a Hydrophilic head and a Hydrophilic
tail
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| A phospholipid consist of of | a glycerol, 2fatty acids, Phosphate
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| Peripheral proteins are | are enzymes and supporting framework
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| Integral or transmembrane proteins: | transport and contain receptors
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| Plasma membrane functions are: | Selective barrier
• Transport
- Active
- Passive
• Energy production (ATP)
- Electron transport chain (prokaryotes)
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| Transport across membranes can be : | passive or active
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| Passive Transport: | No energy needed
• Flow of transported substance
• From high to low concentration
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| Active Transport: | – Energy needed
• Flow of transported substance
• From low to high concentration
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| Passive transport or Simple diffusion stops when: | reaching equilibrium
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| Examples of passive transport are: | • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| Passive transport Facilitated diffusion is : | No energy required
From higher to lower concentration, i.e.
Mediated by transporter proteins
(permeases)
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| Mediated by transporter proteins (permeases) | • Water filled channels
• Ions, charged molecules and relatively large
molecules
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| Osmosis: | Water (solvent) molecules move towards high solute
concentration across a selectively permeable
membrane
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| Isotonic solution: | No net movement of water
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| Hypotonic (Osmotic Lysis) | water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged
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| Hypertonic (Plasmolysis) | water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink
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| Most bacteria cells live in_______? | Hypotonic environments
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| Active transport requires ______________. | energy
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| The concentration movement in Active transport is: | from low to high
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| Transporter/carrier proteins • Simple active transport | Transported molecule does not change
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| Group translocation (unique to prokaryotes) | Modification of transported molecule as it enters the
cell
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| The cytoplasm consist of: | –Water (~80%)
–Proteins
–Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Inorganic ions
–DNA
–RNA
– Inclusions
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| Nuclear area (Nucleoid) | No nuclear membrane
One chromosome attached to plasma
membrane
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| species may have 2 chromosomes examples are: | Vibrio spp. Brucella spp
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| The chromosomes contain: | About 3,200 genes
• Circular double stranded DNA (most)
– Linear double stranded DNA (a few, Borrelia spp.)
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| Bacterial plasmids | Extrachromosomal genetic
material
• About 5 to 100 genes
• Not crucial for survival
• Great variety of genetic traits
• Antibiotic resistance,
enzymes, toxins, etc
• Transferable to other bacteria
• Major tool in genetic
engineering
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| Bacterial ribosomes function: | to make protein
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| Two subunits | 30 and 50 S = 70 S (each
made of rRNA and protein)
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| T/F Bacterial ribosomes are smaller than eukaryote ribosomes. | true
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| Inclusions are: | • Reserve deposits (usually polymers)
–Lipids, sulfur
–Metachromatic granules
• Inorganic phosphate
–Polysaccharide granules
• Starch-like
–Gas
• Buoyancy
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| Molecules concentrated in inclusions_____________. | reduce osmotic pressure
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| Endospores are______ | Gram-positives
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| Examples of Endospores are : | Bacillus spp.
• Clostridium spp
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| Endorspores are: | Highly resistant dormant
form
– Highly dehydrated
– Multiple layers
– Rich in dipicolinic
acid/Ca+ complexes
– Provide heat stability
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| eukaryotic cell | Larger and
more complex
than
prokaryotes
• 10 to 100 m
• Membranebound organelles
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| Flagella in eukaryotic cells: | –Taxis
• Wave-like motion
very few and long in length
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| Cilia in eukaryotic cells: | Movement of substances over the
surface of the cell
• Digestive and respiratory tracts
numerous and short
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| Eukaryotic cells contain: | sterols (cholesterol) in the plasmis membrane
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| Eukaryotes passive transport include: | • Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
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| Eukaryotes active transport have no | • No group translocation
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| Endocytosis (unique to eukaryotes) | taking things substance into the cell
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| Phagocytosis | particles
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| Pinocytosis | liquid
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| The Cytoskeleton consist of: | Microfilaments
– Intermediate filaments
– Microtubules
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| Cytoskeleton functions include: | Shape
– Movement
• Entire cell
• Substances within the cell
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| Nucelus: | Spherical to oval
•Contains linear DNA
•Replication
•DNA→DNA
•Transcription
•DNA→RNA
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of sacs next
to nucleus
• Synthesis of lipids
and proteins
• Rough ER
• Ribosomes
(80S)
• Smooth ER
–Lipid synthesis
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| Rough ER | • Ribosomes
(80S)
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| Smooth ER | –Lipid synthesis
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| Golgi Complex | Receives ER
products
– Sorts
– packages
– delivers
(secretory
vesicles)
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| Lysosomes | Derived from Golgi
complex
• Free spheres in
cytoplasm
• Contain powerful
digestive enzymes
• Numerous in white
blood cells
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| Mitochondria multiply | on their own
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| Double membrane – Multi-folded inner membrane – Provides a large surface for proteins involved in cellular respiration (ATP synthesis) | mitochondria
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| Contains circular DNA • Bacteria-like ribosomes (70S) | mitochondria
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