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Cells part II
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Plasma membrane is made of: | Phosolipid biylaer which consist of a Hydrophilic head and a Hydrophilic tail |
| A phospholipid consist of of | a glycerol, 2fatty acids, Phosphate |
| Peripheral proteins are | are enzymes and supporting framework |
| Integral or transmembrane proteins: | transport and contain receptors |
| Plasma membrane functions are: | Selective barrier • Transport - Active - Passive • Energy production (ATP) - Electron transport chain (prokaryotes) |
| Transport across membranes can be : | passive or active |
| Passive Transport: | No energy needed • Flow of transported substance • From high to low concentration |
| Active Transport: | – Energy needed • Flow of transported substance • From low to high concentration |
| Passive transport or Simple diffusion stops when: | reaching equilibrium |
| Examples of passive transport are: | • Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Passive transport Facilitated diffusion is : | No energy required From higher to lower concentration, i.e. Mediated by transporter proteins (permeases) |
| Mediated by transporter proteins (permeases) | • Water filled channels • Ions, charged molecules and relatively large molecules |
| Osmosis: | Water (solvent) molecules move towards high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic solution: | No net movement of water |
| Hypotonic (Osmotic Lysis) | water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged |
| Hypertonic (Plasmolysis) | water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink |
| Most bacteria cells live in_______? | Hypotonic environments |
| Active transport requires ______________. | energy |
| The concentration movement in Active transport is: | from low to high |
| Transporter/carrier proteins • Simple active transport | Transported molecule does not change |
| Group translocation (unique to prokaryotes) | Modification of transported molecule as it enters the cell |
| The cytoplasm consist of: | –Water (~80%) –Proteins –Carbohydrates – Lipids – Inorganic ions –DNA –RNA – Inclusions |
| Nuclear area (Nucleoid) | No nuclear membrane One chromosome attached to plasma membrane |
| species may have 2 chromosomes examples are: | Vibrio spp. Brucella spp |
| The chromosomes contain: | About 3,200 genes • Circular double stranded DNA (most) – Linear double stranded DNA (a few, Borrelia spp.) |
| Bacterial plasmids | Extrachromosomal genetic material • About 5 to 100 genes • Not crucial for survival • Great variety of genetic traits • Antibiotic resistance, enzymes, toxins, etc • Transferable to other bacteria • Major tool in genetic engineering |
| Bacterial ribosomes function: | to make protein |
| Two subunits | 30 and 50 S = 70 S (each made of rRNA and protein) |
| T/F Bacterial ribosomes are smaller than eukaryote ribosomes. | true |
| Inclusions are: | • Reserve deposits (usually polymers) –Lipids, sulfur –Metachromatic granules • Inorganic phosphate –Polysaccharide granules • Starch-like –Gas • Buoyancy |
| Molecules concentrated in inclusions_____________. | reduce osmotic pressure |
| Endospores are______ | Gram-positives |
| Examples of Endospores are : | Bacillus spp. • Clostridium spp |
| Endorspores are: | Highly resistant dormant form – Highly dehydrated – Multiple layers – Rich in dipicolinic acid/Ca+ complexes – Provide heat stability |
| eukaryotic cell | Larger and more complex than prokaryotes • 10 to 100 m • Membranebound organelles |
| Flagella in eukaryotic cells: | –Taxis • Wave-like motion very few and long in length |
| Cilia in eukaryotic cells: | Movement of substances over the surface of the cell • Digestive and respiratory tracts numerous and short |
| Eukaryotic cells contain: | sterols (cholesterol) in the plasmis membrane |
| Eukaryotes passive transport include: | • Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion • Osmosis |
| Eukaryotes active transport have no | • No group translocation |
| Endocytosis (unique to eukaryotes) | taking things substance into the cell |
| Phagocytosis | particles |
| Pinocytosis | liquid |
| The Cytoskeleton consist of: | Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – Microtubules |
| Cytoskeleton functions include: | Shape – Movement • Entire cell • Substances within the cell |
| Nucelus: | Spherical to oval •Contains linear DNA •Replication •DNA→DNA •Transcription •DNA→RNA |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of sacs next to nucleus • Synthesis of lipids and proteins • Rough ER • Ribosomes (80S) • Smooth ER –Lipid synthesis |
| Rough ER | • Ribosomes (80S) |
| Smooth ER | –Lipid synthesis |
| Golgi Complex | Receives ER products – Sorts – packages – delivers (secretory vesicles) |
| Lysosomes | Derived from Golgi complex • Free spheres in cytoplasm • Contain powerful digestive enzymes • Numerous in white blood cells |
| Mitochondria multiply | on their own |
| Double membrane – Multi-folded inner membrane – Provides a large surface for proteins involved in cellular respiration (ATP synthesis) | mitochondria |
| Contains circular DNA • Bacteria-like ribosomes (70S) | mitochondria |
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