Microbiology
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| Eukaryotic cells have a N______ and membrane enclosed organelles. | Nucleus
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| Membrane organelles are present in Eukaryotic cells are present in: | • Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• Protozoa
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| Bacteria and Archaea are called: | Prokaryotic cells
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| Prokaryotic cells do not have: | a nucleus or membrane-enclosed
organelles
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| Prokaryotic cells are Differentiation by: | • Morphology
• Cell wall structure
• Nutritional requirements
• Biochemical activities
• Source of energy
• Sequence of genetic material
• Size
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| The typical size of a Prokaryotic cell is | – 0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter
– 2.0 to 8.0 um in length
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| Most common shapes of bacteria cells are: | Coccus
Cocobacillus
Vibrio
Bacillus
Sprillium
Sprirochete
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| Most common shapes of Bacteria cells are: | Coccus
Cocobacillus
Vibrio
Bacillus
Sprillium
Sprirochete
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| Chains (prefix strepto) are: | Divide into one plane
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| Diplococci | Divided into one plane
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| Tetrads are divided : | into two planes
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| Sarcinae are divided: | into three planes
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| Staphylococci are divided into: | Divide in multiple planes
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| Staphylococcus aureus are resistant to _____. | Methicillin-resistant
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| Structures external to the bacterial cell wall are: | • Glycocalyx
• Flagella
• Axial filaments
• Fimbriae and pili
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| Glycocalyx is composed of a ______coat | sugar
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| Glycocalyx can have a C______or S_____ L____. | Capsule (firm) or slime layer (loose)
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| Made of polysaccharides in most bacteria, and polypeptides in a few bacteria | Glycocalyx
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| Glycocalyx main function is to: | • Inhibits phagocytosis
• Attachment to host and environmental surfaces
• Protects against desiccation (dehydration) (outside
environment)
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| Bacterial slime in our food? | Xanthomonas campestris
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| Xanthomonas campestris | • Source of the polysaccharide xanthan gum
• Stable at high temperatures
• 1% in water thickens it significantly
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| Xanthomonas campestris in foods is used to : | – Emulsifing and stabilizing agent in
salad dressings, ice creams,
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| Xanthomonas campestris in the industry is used to : | – Thickening agent (oil industry)
• Drilling “mud”
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| Some Biofilm health effects of medical implants are are: | -Catheters
– Heart valves
– Prostheses
– Contact lenses
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| Biofilm health effects also include | tooth decay and gingivitis
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| Flagella are: | Long filamentous appendagesand are made of the protein flagellin
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| Flagella are the bacteria motility. Positve | towards
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| Flagella are the bacteria motility. Negative | Away
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| T/F Some bacteria lack flagella | true
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| Monotrichous | one flagellum
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| Atrichous | no flagellum
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| Operation of Flagella if it moves counterclockwise : | it runs
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| Operation of Flagella if it moves clockwise: | it tumbles
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| Axial filaments are present in? | Present in spirochette cells
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| Axial filaments are present in? | Present in spirochette cells
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| Adapted to viscous fluids and wrap around the cell? | Axial Filaments
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| Two types of Axial Filaments are? | Treponema pallidum and – Borrelia burgdorferi
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| Treponema pallidum is: | Syphilis
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| Borrelia burgdorferi is: | Lyme disease
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| Axial filaments are present in? | Present in spirochette cells
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| Adapted to viscous fluids and wrap around the cell? | Axial Filaments
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| Two types of Axial Filaments are? | Treponema pallidum and – Borrelia burgdorferi
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| Treponema pallidum is: | Syphilis
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| Borrelia burgdorferi is: | Lyme disease
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| Other forms of bacterial motility include: | • Motility over low-water content surfaces
• Gliding motility (smooth)
• Mediated by specialized projections
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| Twitching (grappling) motility (jerky) – Extends adheres contracts | Mediated by specialized projections (pili) or pilus
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa moves by: | twitching
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| Fimbriae: | Made of pilin
– Short thin appendages some bacteria
(about 1,000/cell)
• Help cells to adhere to surfaces and to
one another
• Virulence (attachment) factor
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| E coli are attached to the intestinal mucosa by: | fimbriae
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| Sex pilus are present in gram_____. | negative bacteria
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| Sex pilus are made of: | Made of pilin protein
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| Sex pilus bridges related bacteria and: | performs a DNA transfer (conjugation)
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| The Cell envelope is | All structural
layers covering
the cytoplasm
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| The cell wall: | Protects the cell from high internal osmotic
pressure
– Lattice formed by peptidoglycan (murein)
• Strong elastic sac
– Present in most bacteria
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| The cell wall is present in all bacteria. T/F | False (the cell wall is present in most bacteria)
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| Lattice formed by peptidoglycan (murein) • Strong elastic sac | cell wall
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| Peptidoglycan is a: | Repeating disaccharides crosslinked by
polypeptides
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| Gram-positive cells have | Teichoic acids and
lipoteichoic acids
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| Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids | -Stability of
peptidoglycans
– Cell division
– Attachment to
surfaces
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| Gram-negative cells have | – Lipoprotein-lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid
-A thin poorly-organized peptidoglycan layer
-Outer membrane
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| The Outer membrane in Gram-negative cells : | – Protects against phagocytosis
– Porins
• Transport of small hydrophilic molecules
–Sugar and some amino acids
– Barrier to many substances
• Penicillin
• Lysozyme
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| Unique to Gramnegative cells: | Periplasmic space
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| Periplasmic space (periplasm) | • Area between the “two
membranes”
– Contains the cell wall
(peptidoglycans)
– Abundance of digestive
enzymes and selective
transport proteins
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| Atypical bacterial cells | Mycoplasma bacteria lack cell walls
Cell membrane contains sterols
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| Has a Highly impermeable wax coat –Mycolic acid: | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast bacteria) atypical
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| – Cell wall contains pseudomurein instead of murein (peptidoglycans) | Archaea
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