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Prokaryotic and euka
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Eukaryotic cells have a N______ and membrane enclosed organelles. | Nucleus |
| Membrane organelles are present in Eukaryotic cells are present in: | • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Protozoa |
| Bacteria and Archaea are called: | Prokaryotic cells |
| Prokaryotic cells do not have: | a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles |
| Prokaryotic cells are Differentiation by: | • Morphology • Cell wall structure • Nutritional requirements • Biochemical activities • Source of energy • Sequence of genetic material • Size |
| The typical size of a Prokaryotic cell is | – 0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter – 2.0 to 8.0 um in length |
| Most common shapes of bacteria cells are: | Coccus Cocobacillus Vibrio Bacillus Sprillium Sprirochete |
| Most common shapes of Bacteria cells are: | Coccus Cocobacillus Vibrio Bacillus Sprillium Sprirochete |
| Chains (prefix strepto) are: | Divide into one plane |
| Diplococci | Divided into one plane |
| Tetrads are divided : | into two planes |
| Sarcinae are divided: | into three planes |
| Staphylococci are divided into: | Divide in multiple planes |
| Staphylococcus aureus are resistant to _____. | Methicillin-resistant |
| Structures external to the bacterial cell wall are: | • Glycocalyx • Flagella • Axial filaments • Fimbriae and pili |
| Glycocalyx is composed of a ______coat | sugar |
| Glycocalyx can have a C______or S_____ L____. | Capsule (firm) or slime layer (loose) |
| Made of polysaccharides in most bacteria, and polypeptides in a few bacteria | Glycocalyx |
| Glycocalyx main function is to: | • Inhibits phagocytosis • Attachment to host and environmental surfaces • Protects against desiccation (dehydration) (outside environment) |
| Bacterial slime in our food? | Xanthomonas campestris |
| Xanthomonas campestris | • Source of the polysaccharide xanthan gum • Stable at high temperatures • 1% in water thickens it significantly |
| Xanthomonas campestris in foods is used to : | – Emulsifing and stabilizing agent in salad dressings, ice creams, |
| Xanthomonas campestris in the industry is used to : | – Thickening agent (oil industry) • Drilling “mud” |
| Some Biofilm health effects of medical implants are are: | -Catheters – Heart valves – Prostheses – Contact lenses |
| Biofilm health effects also include | tooth decay and gingivitis |
| Flagella are: | Long filamentous appendagesand are made of the protein flagellin |
| Flagella are the bacteria motility. Positve | towards |
| Flagella are the bacteria motility. Negative | Away |
| T/F Some bacteria lack flagella | true |
| Monotrichous | one flagellum |
| Atrichous | no flagellum |
| Operation of Flagella if it moves counterclockwise : | it runs |
| Operation of Flagella if it moves clockwise: | it tumbles |
| Axial filaments are present in? | Present in spirochette cells |
| Axial filaments are present in? | Present in spirochette cells |
| Adapted to viscous fluids and wrap around the cell? | Axial Filaments |
| Two types of Axial Filaments are? | Treponema pallidum and – Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Treponema pallidum is: | Syphilis |
| Borrelia burgdorferi is: | Lyme disease |
| Axial filaments are present in? | Present in spirochette cells |
| Adapted to viscous fluids and wrap around the cell? | Axial Filaments |
| Two types of Axial Filaments are? | Treponema pallidum and – Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Treponema pallidum is: | Syphilis |
| Borrelia burgdorferi is: | Lyme disease |
| Other forms of bacterial motility include: | • Motility over low-water content surfaces • Gliding motility (smooth) • Mediated by specialized projections |
| Twitching (grappling) motility (jerky) – Extends adheres contracts | Mediated by specialized projections (pili) or pilus |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa moves by: | twitching |
| Fimbriae: | Made of pilin – Short thin appendages some bacteria (about 1,000/cell) • Help cells to adhere to surfaces and to one another • Virulence (attachment) factor |
| E coli are attached to the intestinal mucosa by: | fimbriae |
| Sex pilus are present in gram_____. | negative bacteria |
| Sex pilus are made of: | Made of pilin protein |
| Sex pilus bridges related bacteria and: | performs a DNA transfer (conjugation) |
| The Cell envelope is | All structural layers covering the cytoplasm |
| The cell wall: | Protects the cell from high internal osmotic pressure – Lattice formed by peptidoglycan (murein) • Strong elastic sac – Present in most bacteria |
| The cell wall is present in all bacteria. T/F | False (the cell wall is present in most bacteria) |
| Lattice formed by peptidoglycan (murein) • Strong elastic sac | cell wall |
| Peptidoglycan is a: | Repeating disaccharides crosslinked by polypeptides |
| Gram-positive cells have | Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids |
| Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids | -Stability of peptidoglycans – Cell division – Attachment to surfaces |
| Gram-negative cells have | – Lipoprotein-lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid -A thin poorly-organized peptidoglycan layer -Outer membrane |
| The Outer membrane in Gram-negative cells : | – Protects against phagocytosis – Porins • Transport of small hydrophilic molecules –Sugar and some amino acids – Barrier to many substances • Penicillin • Lysozyme |
| Unique to Gramnegative cells: | Periplasmic space |
| Periplasmic space (periplasm) | • Area between the “two membranes” – Contains the cell wall (peptidoglycans) – Abundance of digestive enzymes and selective transport proteins |
| Atypical bacterial cells | Mycoplasma bacteria lack cell walls Cell membrane contains sterols |
| Has a Highly impermeable wax coat –Mycolic acid: | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast bacteria) atypical |
| – Cell wall contains pseudomurein instead of murein (peptidoglycans) | Archaea |
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