chapter 1, 20-22
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| what is life/alive | maintains homeostasis
reproduction
using/metabolizing energy
produces waste
🗑
|
||||
| seven characteristics of life | cells
ordered complexity-not chaotic
sensitivity-respond to stimuli
growth,development,reproduction
energy utilization
homeostasis
evolutionary adaptation
🗑
|
||||
| living systems show hierarchal organization |
-cellular level
-organismal level
-populational level
-ecosystem level
-biosphere
🗑
|
||||
| emergent properties | more than the sum of its parts, not additive
novel properties arising from the way in which components interact
-life
--result from interaction of components
--cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves
🗑
|
||||
| 3 domains of life | archae
bacteria
eukaryote
🗑
|
||||
| deductive reasoning | uses general principles to make specific predictions
🗑
|
||||
| inductive reasoning | uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
🗑
|
||||
| scientific method | the systematic approach to understand natural world
-observation
-hypothesis formation
-prediction
-experimentation
-conclusion
🗑
|
||||
| hypothesis | possible explanation for observation
-must be tested to determine its validity
-often tested in many different ways
-allows for predictions to be made
-repetitive/iterative
--can be changed and refined with new data
🗑
|
||||
| independent variable | condtion
🗑
|
||||
| dependent variable | measurement
🗑
|
||||
| controlled varaibles | variables that are not changed
🗑
|
||||
| qualitative data | -descriptions
-data observed, but cant be measured
ex) colors, smells, beauty
🗑
|
||||
| quantitative data | -number
-measured
ex) length, height, time
🗑
|
||||
| scientific theory | broad and strong explanation-supported by lab books of scientific research with minimum influence of human bias
ex)cell theory
🗑
|
||||
| genetic variation | the differences in alleles of genes found within individuals of a population
🗑
|
||||
| evolution | descent with modificiation
change over time
🗑
|
||||
| inheritance of acquired characteristics | changes that occur during lifetime are passed down to children
ex)long neck giraffe
🗑
|
||||
| how to monitor how populations change | look at changes in allele frequencies of a gene from one generation to the next
🗑
|
||||
| population genetics | the study of the properties of genes in populations
🗑
|
||||
| how to directly assay genetic variation within populations | electrophoresis
RFLPs--exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences
sequencing entire genomes
SNPs--a variation in a DNA sequence
🗑
|
||||
| hardy Weinberg equilibrium requirements | no mutation
no immigration or emigration
mating is random
the population size is very large
no selection occurs
🗑
|
||||
| allele frequencies | a measure of the occurrence of an allele in a population
🗑
|
||||
| genotype frequencies | a measure of the occurrence of a genotype in a population
🗑
|
||||
| reproductive success | how long an individual survives
how often it mates
how many offspring
🗑
|
||||
| frequency dependent selection | favors either rare or common phenotypes
🗑
|
||||
| oscillating selection | favored phenotypes changes as the environment changes
🗑
|
||||
| hypothesis driven science | makes a tests predictions
find out which general principles are true by systematically testing alternative proposals and rejecting them if untrue from observations
🗑
|
||||
| test experiment | one variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis
🗑
|
||||
| control experiment | the variable is left unaltered
🗑
|
||||
| reductionism | analyzing simple and basic physical mechanisms to explain complex phenomenons
🗑
|
||||
| theory | a proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon (based on some general principle)
the body of interconnected concepts(supported by scientific inquiry and experimental evidence)
🗑
|
||||
| the cellular level | atoms join together to create molecules whice are assembled into organelles which are within cells
🗑
|
||||
| the organismal level | tissues(groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit)
organs(groups of tissues)(brain)(structural and functional unit)
organ systems(groups of organs)(nervous system)
🗑
|
||||
| the populational level | population(group of organims of the same species living in the same place
species(populations of a specific type of organism)(able to interbreed)
🗑
|
||||
| biological community | all populations of different species living together in one place
🗑
|
||||
| the ecosytemal level | ecosystem(populations interact and with their environment)
🗑
|
||||
| the biosphere | entire planet
🗑
|
||||
| natural selection | mechanism for evolution
🗑
|
||||
| malthus | populations increase by a multiplying factor
how populations grow
🗑
|
||||
| homologous | same evolutionary origin
different structure and function
🗑
|
||||
| analogous | similar functions
different evolutionary origin
🗑
|
||||
| macroevolution | speciation/evolution of new species form old species
evidence: homologous and analogous traits-similar embryonic development
🗑
|
||||
| microevolution | evolutionary change WITHIN species
🗑
|
||||
| mechanisms/modes/forces of evolution | forces that change the genetic structure of a population
mutation
natural selection
gene flow/migration
genetic drift(random)
recombination
🗑
|
||||
| mutation | an allele changes to another allele thereby altering the gene
only source of new alleles
create and maintain new generic variation
rare
🗑
|
||||
| natural selection | differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype/traits
🗑
|
||||
| gene flow/migration | movement of genes between population
🗑
|
||||
| genetic drift(random) | random changes in allele frequencies
-natural disasters,large fatal diseases
-reduces genetic variation in small populations
-founders effect and population bottleneck
🗑
|
||||
| recombination | combination of genetic material from two different gametes (sexual selection)
-offspring differ from parents(crossing over and independent assortment)
🗑
|
||||
| point mutation | single base in DNA sequence is changes
most common type of mutation evolutionary
not all bad
🗑
|
||||
| selective agent of NS | environment
🗑
|
||||
| artificial selection | occurs fast with many changes and can produce major evolutionary changes
humans as selective agent
ex: faster horses and sweeter apples
🗑
|
||||
| Lamarck's view | keep stretching necks throughout lifetime and then pass this on to babies #false
🗑
|
||||
| Darwin-Wallace view | only giraffes that can reach taller leaves survive so long necked trait is favored and is reproduced
🗑
|
||||
| natural selection operates on the | individual/the phenotype
(already present) variation -which is hereditary
🗑
|
||||
| evolution acts on the | population
🗑
|
||||
| small populations result from | population bottleneck and founders effect
🗑
|
||||
| population bottleneck | sudden decrease in population size
🗑
|
||||
| founders effect | few pioneering individuals colonize new region
ex)amish
🗑
|
||||
| non-random mating | the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not teh same for all possible pairs of individuals
ex)having a certain type to date
🗑
|
||||
| dissasortative | the reproductive pairing of individuals that have traits more dissimilar than would likely be the case if mating were random
🗑
|
||||
| assortative | the reproductive pairing of individuals that have more traits in common than would likely be the case if mating were random
🗑
|
||||
| inbreeding | breed closely related people or animals especially over many generations
🗑
|
||||
| inbreeding depression | the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding
🗑
|
||||
| balancing selection | multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population, natural selection will favor uncommon allele so the two alleles remain balanced in amount-depend on each other
🗑
|
||||
| disruptive selection | extreme values favored over usual population
🗑
|
||||
| intersexual selection | both individuals are involved in choosing a mate
🗑
|
||||
| intrasexual selection | two members of the same sex compete for mate
🗑
|
||||
| directional selection | a single phenotype is favored
🗑
|
||||
| stabilizing selection | mean values are favored
🗑
|
||||
| sexual dismophism | difference in size and appearance
ex)female spiders are bigger than male spiders
🗑
|
||||
| fixed creationism | before darwin
organisms are created as they are and remain in the same form since the beginning
no new organisms
🗑
|
||||
| Linneaus | binomial nomenclature
taxonomy
scientific name
🗑
|
||||
| gradualism | James Hutton-geology
earth is old and ever-changing
the accumulation of small changes
extreme of evolution
standard view for a long time
🗑
|
||||
| lamarke | coined the term "evolution" -process of changes of life over long periods of time
stupid giraffe theory though
🗑
|
||||
| three conditions of natural selection | genetic variation exists in population
leads to differences among individuals in reproductive success
must be genetically transmitted to next generation
🗑
|
||||
| biogeography | how animals and plants are distributed
wallace=founder
🗑
|
||||
| convergent evolution | unrelated lineage, similar traits now
environment selects traits(similar environmental pressures)
ex)birds and bats
🗑
|
||||
| homologous traits | evolutionary descent from common ancestor
ex)bats and human and whale bones
🗑
|
||||
| analogous traits | similar due to common adaptive function
ex) wings
🗑
|
||||
| species concept | ernst mayr
groups reproductively isolated and potentially or actually interbreeding
🗑
|
||||
| ecological species concept | where a species adapted to a niche in the environment
🗑
|
||||
| phylogenetic species concept | the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets
🗑
|
||||
| evolutionary species concept | a species=maintains its identity from other such lineages/species and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
🗑
|
||||
| galapagos finches | evidence of NS
corrrespondance of beak shape and food gathering shows finches diversified and adapted aka NS
🗑
|
||||
| sympatric speciation | speciation within same area-no geographical seperation
🗑
|
||||
| allopatric speciation | geographic seperation causes speciation
🗑
|
||||
| speciation | creation of new species that can exchange genes/interbreed and create futile offspring
evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
-form from isolation, environmental change
🗑
|
||||
| reproductive isolating mechanisms | prevent genetic exchange between species
random changes/genetic drift + adaptation can lead to
pre zygotic
post-zygotic
🗑
|
||||
| pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms | prevent formation of zygote
temporal, behavioral, ecological, mechanical
🗑
|
||||
| post-zygotic isolating mechanism | prevent normal development into reproducing adults
🗑
|
||||
| reinforcement | natural selection increases reproductive isolation
🗑
|
||||
| homogenization | prevent speciation from ocurring
🗑
|
||||
| adaptive radiation | species + new/changed environment + many resources + few competing species
ex) Darwin's finches
🗑
|
||||
| key innovation | the evolution of a new trait that allows individual to use previously inaccessible parts of the environment
🗑
|
||||
| punctuated equilibrium | long periods of stasis followed by relatively rapid change
an extreme of evolution
stabilizing and oscillating selection is responsible for stasis
🗑
|
||||
| a reverse in environmental conditions = | a reverse in selection pressure
🗑
|
||||
| "evolutionary change occurs in the ___ of beak sizes in the ____ generations" | frequencies
subsequent
🗑
|
||||
| subspecies | within a single species, individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another
🗑
|
||||
| ecological isolation | live or dwell in different areas ex)tree lions
pre
🗑
|
||||
| behavioral isolation | select mates after elaborate courtship display ex)blue footed boobies
need to do ritual well to be selected or at all
pre
🗑
|
||||
| temporal isolation | species of wild lettuce, but one flowers in the spring one in the summer
pre
🗑
|
||||
| mechanical isolation | structure of copulating organs may not be compatible ex)pollen may not reach the right part
pre
🗑
|
||||
| prevention of gamete fusion | eggs and sperm in water not fuse with other species
pre
🗑
|
||||
| hybrid inviability | hybrids dont develop
hybrids will not survive into adulthood they will become weak or sterile or abnormal sex organs
post
🗑
|
||||
| anagenesis | when population of entire species changes on genetic level with out a split
-ancestral population goes extinct
🗑
|
||||
| cladogenesis | species splits into two genetically distinct populations adapted to different ecosystems and/or survival strategies-both species may survive types of speciation
🗑
|
||||
| adaptive radiation causes | pioneering a new habitat containing few competing organisms
mass extinction wiping out competitors
-surviving forms radiate to occupy niches left behind
🗑
|
||||
| hybrid sterility | hybrids may develop, but they are not fertile
🗑
|
||||
| hybridization | the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid
🗑
|
||||
| types of qualitative data | ordinal-order, scales 1-5
nominal-lables
🗑
|
||||
| types of quantitative data | interval-numeric scale
ratio-measurement scale
🗑
|
||||
| Darwinian fitness | It measures the reproductive success of an entire population of organisms. You can not relate Darwinian Fitness to a single organism.
🗑
|
||||
| part of Darwin's theory on the origin of species | All organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor.
A population can change over time if individuals that posses certain traits leave more offspring than others.
There are always variations within a given population.
🗑
|
||||
| developmental homology | organism that develop similarly in the womb-evidence of common ancestors
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
gopack
Popular Biology sets