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bio 181 test #1
chapter 1, 20-22
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is life/alive | maintains homeostasis reproduction using/metabolizing energy produces waste |
| seven characteristics of life | cells ordered complexity-not chaotic sensitivity-respond to stimuli growth,development,reproduction energy utilization homeostasis evolutionary adaptation |
| living systems show hierarchal organization | -cellular level -organismal level -populational level -ecosystem level -biosphere |
| emergent properties | more than the sum of its parts, not additive novel properties arising from the way in which components interact -life --result from interaction of components --cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves |
| 3 domains of life | archae bacteria eukaryote |
| deductive reasoning | uses general principles to make specific predictions |
| inductive reasoning | uses specific observations to develop general conclusions |
| scientific method | the systematic approach to understand natural world -observation -hypothesis formation -prediction -experimentation -conclusion |
| hypothesis | possible explanation for observation -must be tested to determine its validity -often tested in many different ways -allows for predictions to be made -repetitive/iterative --can be changed and refined with new data |
| independent variable | condtion |
| dependent variable | measurement |
| controlled varaibles | variables that are not changed |
| qualitative data | -descriptions -data observed, but cant be measured ex) colors, smells, beauty |
| quantitative data | -number -measured ex) length, height, time |
| scientific theory | broad and strong explanation-supported by lab books of scientific research with minimum influence of human bias ex)cell theory |
| genetic variation | the differences in alleles of genes found within individuals of a population |
| evolution | descent with modificiation change over time |
| inheritance of acquired characteristics | changes that occur during lifetime are passed down to children ex)long neck giraffe |
| how to monitor how populations change | look at changes in allele frequencies of a gene from one generation to the next |
| population genetics | the study of the properties of genes in populations |
| how to directly assay genetic variation within populations | electrophoresis RFLPs--exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences sequencing entire genomes SNPs--a variation in a DNA sequence |
| hardy Weinberg equilibrium requirements | no mutation no immigration or emigration mating is random the population size is very large no selection occurs |
| allele frequencies | a measure of the occurrence of an allele in a population |
| genotype frequencies | a measure of the occurrence of a genotype in a population |
| reproductive success | how long an individual survives how often it mates how many offspring |
| frequency dependent selection | favors either rare or common phenotypes |
| oscillating selection | favored phenotypes changes as the environment changes |
| hypothesis driven science | makes a tests predictions find out which general principles are true by systematically testing alternative proposals and rejecting them if untrue from observations |
| test experiment | one variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis |
| control experiment | the variable is left unaltered |
| reductionism | analyzing simple and basic physical mechanisms to explain complex phenomenons |
| theory | a proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon (based on some general principle) the body of interconnected concepts(supported by scientific inquiry and experimental evidence) |
| the cellular level | atoms join together to create molecules whice are assembled into organelles which are within cells |
| the organismal level | tissues(groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit) organs(groups of tissues)(brain)(structural and functional unit) organ systems(groups of organs)(nervous system) |
| the populational level | population(group of organims of the same species living in the same place species(populations of a specific type of organism)(able to interbreed) |
| biological community | all populations of different species living together in one place |
| the ecosytemal level | ecosystem(populations interact and with their environment) |
| the biosphere | entire planet |
| natural selection | mechanism for evolution |
| malthus | populations increase by a multiplying factor how populations grow |
| homologous | same evolutionary origin different structure and function |
| analogous | similar functions different evolutionary origin |
| macroevolution | speciation/evolution of new species form old species evidence: homologous and analogous traits-similar embryonic development |
| microevolution | evolutionary change WITHIN species |
| mechanisms/modes/forces of evolution | forces that change the genetic structure of a population mutation natural selection gene flow/migration genetic drift(random) recombination |
| mutation | an allele changes to another allele thereby altering the gene only source of new alleles create and maintain new generic variation rare |
| natural selection | differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype/traits |
| gene flow/migration | movement of genes between population |
| genetic drift(random) | random changes in allele frequencies -natural disasters,large fatal diseases -reduces genetic variation in small populations -founders effect and population bottleneck |
| recombination | combination of genetic material from two different gametes (sexual selection) -offspring differ from parents(crossing over and independent assortment) |
| point mutation | single base in DNA sequence is changes most common type of mutation evolutionary not all bad |
| selective agent of NS | environment |
| artificial selection | occurs fast with many changes and can produce major evolutionary changes humans as selective agent ex: faster horses and sweeter apples |
| Lamarck's view | keep stretching necks throughout lifetime and then pass this on to babies #false |
| Darwin-Wallace view | only giraffes that can reach taller leaves survive so long necked trait is favored and is reproduced |
| natural selection operates on the | individual/the phenotype (already present) variation -which is hereditary |
| evolution acts on the | population |
| small populations result from | population bottleneck and founders effect |
| population bottleneck | sudden decrease in population size |
| founders effect | few pioneering individuals colonize new region ex)amish |
| non-random mating | the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not teh same for all possible pairs of individuals ex)having a certain type to date |
| dissasortative | the reproductive pairing of individuals that have traits more dissimilar than would likely be the case if mating were random |
| assortative | the reproductive pairing of individuals that have more traits in common than would likely be the case if mating were random |
| inbreeding | breed closely related people or animals especially over many generations |
| inbreeding depression | the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding |
| balancing selection | multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population, natural selection will favor uncommon allele so the two alleles remain balanced in amount-depend on each other |
| disruptive selection | extreme values favored over usual population |
| intersexual selection | both individuals are involved in choosing a mate |
| intrasexual selection | two members of the same sex compete for mate |
| directional selection | a single phenotype is favored |
| stabilizing selection | mean values are favored |
| sexual dismophism | difference in size and appearance ex)female spiders are bigger than male spiders |
| fixed creationism | before darwin organisms are created as they are and remain in the same form since the beginning no new organisms |
| Linneaus | binomial nomenclature taxonomy scientific name |
| gradualism | James Hutton-geology earth is old and ever-changing the accumulation of small changes extreme of evolution standard view for a long time |
| lamarke | coined the term "evolution" -process of changes of life over long periods of time stupid giraffe theory though |
| three conditions of natural selection | genetic variation exists in population leads to differences among individuals in reproductive success must be genetically transmitted to next generation |
| biogeography | how animals and plants are distributed wallace=founder |
| convergent evolution | unrelated lineage, similar traits now environment selects traits(similar environmental pressures) ex)birds and bats |
| homologous traits | evolutionary descent from common ancestor ex)bats and human and whale bones |
| analogous traits | similar due to common adaptive function ex) wings |
| species concept | ernst mayr groups reproductively isolated and potentially or actually interbreeding |
| ecological species concept | where a species adapted to a niche in the environment |
| phylogenetic species concept | the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets |
| evolutionary species concept | a species=maintains its identity from other such lineages/species and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
| galapagos finches | evidence of NS corrrespondance of beak shape and food gathering shows finches diversified and adapted aka NS |
| sympatric speciation | speciation within same area-no geographical seperation |
| allopatric speciation | geographic seperation causes speciation |
| speciation | creation of new species that can exchange genes/interbreed and create futile offspring evolutionary process by which new biological species arise -form from isolation, environmental change |
| reproductive isolating mechanisms | prevent genetic exchange between species random changes/genetic drift + adaptation can lead to pre zygotic post-zygotic |
| pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms | prevent formation of zygote temporal, behavioral, ecological, mechanical |
| post-zygotic isolating mechanism | prevent normal development into reproducing adults |
| reinforcement | natural selection increases reproductive isolation |
| homogenization | prevent speciation from ocurring |
| adaptive radiation | species + new/changed environment + many resources + few competing species ex) Darwin's finches |
| key innovation | the evolution of a new trait that allows individual to use previously inaccessible parts of the environment |
| punctuated equilibrium | long periods of stasis followed by relatively rapid change an extreme of evolution stabilizing and oscillating selection is responsible for stasis |
| a reverse in environmental conditions = | a reverse in selection pressure |
| "evolutionary change occurs in the ___ of beak sizes in the ____ generations" | frequencies subsequent |
| subspecies | within a single species, individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another |
| ecological isolation | live or dwell in different areas ex)tree lions pre |
| behavioral isolation | select mates after elaborate courtship display ex)blue footed boobies need to do ritual well to be selected or at all pre |
| temporal isolation | species of wild lettuce, but one flowers in the spring one in the summer pre |
| mechanical isolation | structure of copulating organs may not be compatible ex)pollen may not reach the right part pre |
| prevention of gamete fusion | eggs and sperm in water not fuse with other species pre |
| hybrid inviability | hybrids dont develop hybrids will not survive into adulthood they will become weak or sterile or abnormal sex organs post |
| anagenesis | when population of entire species changes on genetic level with out a split -ancestral population goes extinct |
| cladogenesis | species splits into two genetically distinct populations adapted to different ecosystems and/or survival strategies-both species may survive types of speciation |
| adaptive radiation causes | pioneering a new habitat containing few competing organisms mass extinction wiping out competitors -surviving forms radiate to occupy niches left behind |
| hybrid sterility | hybrids may develop, but they are not fertile |
| hybridization | the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid |
| types of qualitative data | ordinal-order, scales 1-5 nominal-lables |
| types of quantitative data | interval-numeric scale ratio-measurement scale |
| Darwinian fitness | It measures the reproductive success of an entire population of organisms. You can not relate Darwinian Fitness to a single organism. |
| part of Darwin's theory on the origin of species | All organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor. A population can change over time if individuals that posses certain traits leave more offspring than others. There are always variations within a given population. |
| developmental homology | organism that develop similarly in the womb-evidence of common ancestors |
Created by:
gopack
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