Pharmacology
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| The movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration (opposite to the normal direction of diffusion) | active transport
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| pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine | adrenergic
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| force of attraction between a medication and receptor | affinity
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| medication that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate an expected response | agonist
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| medication that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others | agonist-antagonist
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| the absence of the sensation of pain | analgesia
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| the absence of all sensations | anesthesia
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| medication that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response | antagonist
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| test that determines the amount of purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory | assay
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| the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions | autonomic ganglia
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| test to ascertain a medication's availability in a biological model | bioassay
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| amount of medication that is still available after it reaches its target tissue | bioavailability
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| relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent medications | bioequivalence
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| time the body takes to clear one-half of a medication | half-life
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| special name given to the metabolism of a medication | biotransformation
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| tight junctions in the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble medications can pass | blood-brain barrier
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| process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell-membrane | facilitated diffusion
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| pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine | cholinergic
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| one medication binding to a receptor and causing the expected effect while also blocking another medication from triggering the same receptor | competitive antagonism
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| the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | diffusion
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| medication packages that contain a single dose for a single patient | dose packaging
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| binding of a medication or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease | down-regulation
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| foreign substance placed into the human body | drugs
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| length of time the amount of medication remains above its minimum effective concentration | duration of action
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| a medication's ability to cause the expected response | efficacy
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| delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract | enteral route
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| common side effects, of antipsychotic medications, including muscle tremors and parkinsonism-like effects | extrapyramidal symptoms
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| movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space; movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure | filtration
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| the liver's partial or complete inactivation of a medication before it reaches the systemic circulation | first-pass effect
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| proportion of a medication available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects | free drug availability
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| become electrically charged or polar | ionize
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| a competitive antagonism permanently binds with a receptor site | irreversible antagonism
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| agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. | medications
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| the total changes that take place during physiologic processes; the body's breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals | metabolism
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| minimum level of medication needed to cause a given effect | minimum effective concentration
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| specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates | neuroeffector junction
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| nerve cell; cell that transmits electrical impulses | neuron
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| chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse | neurotransmitter
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| the binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding | noncompetitive antagonism
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| the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration | onset of action
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| movement of a solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration | osmosis
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| medication or other substance that blocks on inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system | parasympatholytic
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| medication or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system | parasympathomimetic
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| delivery of a medication outside the gastrointestinal tract; typically using needles | parenteral route
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| movement of a substance without the use of energy | passive transport
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| how a medication interacts with the body to cause its effects | pharmacodynamics
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| how a medication is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted; how medications are transported into and out of the body | pharmacokinetics
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| the study of medications and their interactions with the body | pharmacology
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| biochemical barrier at the maternal-fetal interface that restricts certain molecules | placental barrier
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| describes the length, onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the medication's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels | plasma-level profile
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| nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues | postganglionic nerves
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| nerve fibers that exit the central nervous system and terminate in the autonomic ganglia | preganglionic nerves
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| medication that is not active when it is administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites | prodrug
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| medication that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics | prototype
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| specialized protein that combines with a medication resulting in a biochemical effect | receptor
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| chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually causes a medication's desired effects | second messenger
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| state of decreased anxiety and inhibitions | sedation
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| unintended response to a medication | side effect
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| medication or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system | sympatholytic
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| medication or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system | sympathomimetic
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| minute space between nerve cells | synapse
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| medication that may deform or kill a fetus | teratogenic drug
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| time from when the medication's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body | termination of action
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| when a medication causes the formation of more receptors than normal | up-regulation
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| flexible, clear plastic tubing that connects IV solution to the IV cannula | administration tubing
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| air in the vein | air embolism
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| breakable glass vessel containing liquid medication | ampule
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| cleansing agent that is not toxic to living tissue | antiseptic
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| a condition free of pathogens | asepsis
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| medications administered through the mucous membranes of the ear and ear canal | aural medications
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| administration tubing that contains a filter to prevent clots or other debris from entering the patient | blood tubing
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| concentrated mass of medication | bolus
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| between the cheek and the gums | buccal
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| calibrated chamber of Buretrol IV administration tubing that enables precise measurement and delivery of fluids and medication solutions | burette chamber
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| hollow needle used to puncture a vein | cannula
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| surgical puncture of the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein | central venous access
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| an excess in intravascular fluid volume | circulatory overload
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| intravenous solution containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes | colloidal solution
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| weight per volume (example: 5mg in 15 mL) | concentration
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| intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks the larger proteins associated with a colloid | crystalloid
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| cleansing solution that is toxic to living tissue | disinfectant
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| the amount of medication available in a solution | dosage on hand
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| clear plastic chamber that allows visualization of the drip rate | drip chamber
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| device that regulates the size of drops | drop former
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| foreign particle in the blood | embolus
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| IV tubing used to extend a macrodrip or microdrip setup | extension set
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| leakage of fluid or medication from the blood vessel that is commonly found with infiltration | extravasation
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| outside the vein | extravascular
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| the size of a needle's diamater | gauge
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| needle that has an opening on the side of the shaft instead of the tip | Huber needle
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| state in which a solution has a higher solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side | hypertonic
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| state in which a solution has a lower solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane that on the other side | hypotonic
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| hollow metal tube used with the syringe to administer medications | hypodermic needle
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| liquid medication delivered through a vein | infusion
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| gravity-flow device that regulates the fluid's passage through an electromechanical pump | infusion controller
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| device that delivers fluids and medications under positive pressure | infusion pump
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| within the dermal layer of the skin | intradermal
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| within the muslce | intramuscular
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| within in the bone | intraosseous
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| surgical puncture of a vein to deliver medication or withdraw blood | intravenous access
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| state in which solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are in equal concentration | isotonic
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| administration tubing that delivers a relatively large amount of fluid | macrodrip tubing
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| careful handling to prevent contamination. (process commonly used in prehospital medicine) | medically clean
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| administration tubing that delivers a relatively small amount of fluid | microdrip tubing
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| vial with two containers, one holding a powdered medication and the other holding a liquid mixing solution | nonconstituted medication vial
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| medications administered through the mucous membranes of the eye | ocular medications
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| semiflexible catheter enclosing a sharp metal stylet | over-the-needle catheter
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| surgical puncture of a vein in the arm, leg, or neck | peripheral venous access
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| line threaded into the central circulation via a peripheral site | PICC line
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| syringe packaged in a tamperproof container with the medication already in the barrel | prefilled syringe
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| sharp-pointed device inserted into the IV solution bag's administration set port | spike
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| a strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and other body fluids are infectious | Standard Precautions
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| free of all forms of life | sterile
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| the layer of loose connective tissue between the skin and muscle | subcutaneous
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| beneath the tongue | sublingual
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| medication packaged in a soft, pliable form for insertion in the rectum | suppository
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| plastic tube with which liquids medications can be drawn up, stored, and injected | syringe
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| throughout the body | systemic
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| inflammation of the vein | thromboplebitis
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| blood clot | thrombus
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| material applied to the skin or mucous membranes | topical medications
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| absorbed through the skin | transdermal
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| use of high frequency sound waves to produce images of internal body structures | ultrasound
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| device that holds blood tubes | vacutainer
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| surgically implanted port that permits repeated access to central venous circulation | venous access device
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| plastic or glass container with a self-sealing rubber top | vial
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| a drug effect that is unique to the individual | indiosyncrasy
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| decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administrations | tolerance
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| tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug | cross tolerance
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| rapidly occurring tolerance to a drug. May occur after a single dose | tachyphylaxis
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| increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses | cumulative effect
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| patient becomes accustomed to the drug's presence in the body and will suffer from withdrawal symptoms on its absence | drug dependence
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| the effects of one drug alter the response to another drug | drug interaction
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| the effects on one drug block the response to another drug | drug antagonism
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| two drugs that both have the same effect are given together (1+1=2) | summation
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| two drugs that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses (1+1=3) | synergism
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| one drug enhances the effect of another | potentiation
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| the direct biochemical interaction between two drugs; one drug affects the pharmacology of another drug | interference
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| ratio of a medication's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population | therapeutic index
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| solute concentration or osmotic pressure relative to the blood plasma or body cells | tonicity
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