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Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration (opposite to the normal direction of diffusion) | active transport |
| pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine | adrenergic |
| force of attraction between a medication and receptor | affinity |
| medication that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate an expected response | agonist |
| medication that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others | agonist-antagonist |
| the absence of the sensation of pain | analgesia |
| the absence of all sensations | anesthesia |
| medication that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response | antagonist |
| test that determines the amount of purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory | assay |
| the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions | autonomic ganglia |
| test to ascertain a medication's availability in a biological model | bioassay |
| amount of medication that is still available after it reaches its target tissue | bioavailability |
| relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent medications | bioequivalence |
| time the body takes to clear one-half of a medication | half-life |
| special name given to the metabolism of a medication | biotransformation |
| tight junctions in the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble medications can pass | blood-brain barrier |
| process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell-membrane | facilitated diffusion |
| pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine | cholinergic |
| one medication binding to a receptor and causing the expected effect while also blocking another medication from triggering the same receptor | competitive antagonism |
| the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | diffusion |
| medication packages that contain a single dose for a single patient | dose packaging |
| binding of a medication or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease | down-regulation |
| foreign substance placed into the human body | drugs |
| length of time the amount of medication remains above its minimum effective concentration | duration of action |
| a medication's ability to cause the expected response | efficacy |
| delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract | enteral route |
| common side effects, of antipsychotic medications, including muscle tremors and parkinsonism-like effects | extrapyramidal symptoms |
| movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space; movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure | filtration |
| the liver's partial or complete inactivation of a medication before it reaches the systemic circulation | first-pass effect |
| proportion of a medication available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects | free drug availability |
| become electrically charged or polar | ionize |
| a competitive antagonism permanently binds with a receptor site | irreversible antagonism |
| agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. | medications |
| the total changes that take place during physiologic processes; the body's breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals | metabolism |
| minimum level of medication needed to cause a given effect | minimum effective concentration |
| specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates | neuroeffector junction |
| nerve cell; cell that transmits electrical impulses | neuron |
| chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse | neurotransmitter |
| the binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding | noncompetitive antagonism |
| the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration | onset of action |
| movement of a solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration | osmosis |
| medication or other substance that blocks on inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system | parasympatholytic |
| medication or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system | parasympathomimetic |
| delivery of a medication outside the gastrointestinal tract; typically using needles | parenteral route |
| movement of a substance without the use of energy | passive transport |
| how a medication interacts with the body to cause its effects | pharmacodynamics |
| how a medication is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted; how medications are transported into and out of the body | pharmacokinetics |
| the study of medications and their interactions with the body | pharmacology |
| biochemical barrier at the maternal-fetal interface that restricts certain molecules | placental barrier |
| describes the length, onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the medication's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels | plasma-level profile |
| nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues | postganglionic nerves |
| nerve fibers that exit the central nervous system and terminate in the autonomic ganglia | preganglionic nerves |
| medication that is not active when it is administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites | prodrug |
| medication that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics | prototype |
| specialized protein that combines with a medication resulting in a biochemical effect | receptor |
| chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually causes a medication's desired effects | second messenger |
| state of decreased anxiety and inhibitions | sedation |
| unintended response to a medication | side effect |
| medication or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system | sympatholytic |
| medication or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system | sympathomimetic |
| minute space between nerve cells | synapse |
| medication that may deform or kill a fetus | teratogenic drug |
| time from when the medication's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body | termination of action |
| when a medication causes the formation of more receptors than normal | up-regulation |
| flexible, clear plastic tubing that connects IV solution to the IV cannula | administration tubing |
| air in the vein | air embolism |
| breakable glass vessel containing liquid medication | ampule |
| cleansing agent that is not toxic to living tissue | antiseptic |
| a condition free of pathogens | asepsis |
| medications administered through the mucous membranes of the ear and ear canal | aural medications |
| administration tubing that contains a filter to prevent clots or other debris from entering the patient | blood tubing |
| concentrated mass of medication | bolus |
| between the cheek and the gums | buccal |
| calibrated chamber of Buretrol IV administration tubing that enables precise measurement and delivery of fluids and medication solutions | burette chamber |
| hollow needle used to puncture a vein | cannula |
| surgical puncture of the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein | central venous access |
| an excess in intravascular fluid volume | circulatory overload |
| intravenous solution containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes | colloidal solution |
| weight per volume (example: 5mg in 15 mL) | concentration |
| intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks the larger proteins associated with a colloid | crystalloid |
| cleansing solution that is toxic to living tissue | disinfectant |
| the amount of medication available in a solution | dosage on hand |
| clear plastic chamber that allows visualization of the drip rate | drip chamber |
| device that regulates the size of drops | drop former |
| foreign particle in the blood | embolus |
| IV tubing used to extend a macrodrip or microdrip setup | extension set |
| leakage of fluid or medication from the blood vessel that is commonly found with infiltration | extravasation |
| outside the vein | extravascular |
| the size of a needle's diamater | gauge |
| needle that has an opening on the side of the shaft instead of the tip | Huber needle |
| state in which a solution has a higher solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side | hypertonic |
| state in which a solution has a lower solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane that on the other side | hypotonic |
| hollow metal tube used with the syringe to administer medications | hypodermic needle |
| liquid medication delivered through a vein | infusion |
| gravity-flow device that regulates the fluid's passage through an electromechanical pump | infusion controller |
| device that delivers fluids and medications under positive pressure | infusion pump |
| within the dermal layer of the skin | intradermal |
| within the muslce | intramuscular |
| within in the bone | intraosseous |
| surgical puncture of a vein to deliver medication or withdraw blood | intravenous access |
| state in which solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are in equal concentration | isotonic |
| administration tubing that delivers a relatively large amount of fluid | macrodrip tubing |
| careful handling to prevent contamination. (process commonly used in prehospital medicine) | medically clean |
| administration tubing that delivers a relatively small amount of fluid | microdrip tubing |
| vial with two containers, one holding a powdered medication and the other holding a liquid mixing solution | nonconstituted medication vial |
| medications administered through the mucous membranes of the eye | ocular medications |
| semiflexible catheter enclosing a sharp metal stylet | over-the-needle catheter |
| surgical puncture of a vein in the arm, leg, or neck | peripheral venous access |
| line threaded into the central circulation via a peripheral site | PICC line |
| syringe packaged in a tamperproof container with the medication already in the barrel | prefilled syringe |
| sharp-pointed device inserted into the IV solution bag's administration set port | spike |
| a strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and other body fluids are infectious | Standard Precautions |
| free of all forms of life | sterile |
| the layer of loose connective tissue between the skin and muscle | subcutaneous |
| beneath the tongue | sublingual |
| medication packaged in a soft, pliable form for insertion in the rectum | suppository |
| plastic tube with which liquids medications can be drawn up, stored, and injected | syringe |
| throughout the body | systemic |
| inflammation of the vein | thromboplebitis |
| blood clot | thrombus |
| material applied to the skin or mucous membranes | topical medications |
| absorbed through the skin | transdermal |
| use of high frequency sound waves to produce images of internal body structures | ultrasound |
| device that holds blood tubes | vacutainer |
| surgically implanted port that permits repeated access to central venous circulation | venous access device |
| plastic or glass container with a self-sealing rubber top | vial |
| a drug effect that is unique to the individual | indiosyncrasy |
| decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administrations | tolerance |
| tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug | cross tolerance |
| rapidly occurring tolerance to a drug. May occur after a single dose | tachyphylaxis |
| increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses | cumulative effect |
| patient becomes accustomed to the drug's presence in the body and will suffer from withdrawal symptoms on its absence | drug dependence |
| the effects of one drug alter the response to another drug | drug interaction |
| the effects on one drug block the response to another drug | drug antagonism |
| two drugs that both have the same effect are given together (1+1=2) | summation |
| two drugs that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses (1+1=3) | synergism |
| one drug enhances the effect of another | potentiation |
| the direct biochemical interaction between two drugs; one drug affects the pharmacology of another drug | interference |
| ratio of a medication's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population | therapeutic index |
| solute concentration or osmotic pressure relative to the blood plasma or body cells | tonicity |
Created by:
mlauhoff
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