chem and biochem ap
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| Name the four types of macromolecules | protein, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid
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| Name the two categories of lipids | triglyceride, steroid
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| What is the backbone molecule of a triglyceride? | glycerol
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| What are two amphipathic molecules we discussed? | soap, phospholipid
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| What is on the end of the cholesterol molecule that makes the very tip of this very nonpolar molecule, have a polar spot | OH
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| How many polypeptides in catalase, antibody, and hemoglobin molecules? | four
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| What level of protein structure involves hydrogen bonding creating alpha helices and beta sheets? | secondary level
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| What bonds are important in primary level of structure in proteins? | peptide
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| which level of protein structure involves the order of the amino acids? | primary
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| What portion of the amino acid is unique for each amino acid? | R group
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| What two parts of an amino acid combine to form a peptide bond and water molecule? | OH from caboxyl group and H from amino group of second amino acid
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| What is different between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids? | saturated fatty acids are all single bonds
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| What two atoms make up almost all of a fatty acid? | C and H
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| What is the formula for a disaccharide made two glucoses? | C12H22O11, remember deh. synthesis, water released
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| What are two atoms of the same element varying in neutrons? | isotopes
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| What must happen to an atom to become a cation? | lose an electron, positive ion
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| What are three molecules that can bind to hemoglobin besides nitrous oxide? | CO, CO2, O2
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| What is the y axis of an oxygen dissociation curve? | % saturation (usually hemoglobin)
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| What are the two purines? | A and G
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| How many rings in cytosine nitrogen base? | one: pyrimidine
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| What is the oxygen binding molecule in the muscle? | myoglobin
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| What does ATP become when broken? | ADP + P (energy released)
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| What is the most common buffering molecule in the ocean? | bicarbonate ion
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| What is the formula for bicarbonate? | HCO3-
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| What is the pH of rain water? | 5.6
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| What is an immunoglobulin? | antibody
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| What is the shape of an immunoglobulin? | Y
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| What type of macromolecule is ATP? | nucleic acid: adenosine nucleotid with two extra Phosphates
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| What macromolecule has N rings? | nucleic acid
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| What part of an amino acid bond to the carboxyl group? | amino group
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| Each car on a train had different cargo, what part of an amino acid is analogous to the cargo? | R group: only part that is different: amino group and carboxyl groups allow for the train cars to hook together.
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| How many atoms in 2 molecules of glucose? | 48: 12 C, 24, H, 12 O
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| What ending indicates a molecule is a sugar? | ose
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| What ending indicates a molecule is an enzyme? | ase
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| What atoms make up waxes? | C and H: nonpolar
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| What type of bond has atoms of equal electronegativity sharing electrons? | nonpolar covalent
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| What intermolecular bond explains cohesion of water? | hydrogen bonding
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| What characteristic due to H bonding leads to a belly flop hurting? | surface tension: too many H bonds at once
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| What characteristic of water allows for the ocean to change temperature slowly? | high specific heat value
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| What characteristic of water allows for evaporation of sweat to keep us cool? | high heat of vaporization
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| What is the combination of adhesion and cohesion that can move water up thin polar tubes a small distance? | capillary action
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| What two characteristics combine to move water up a tree? | transpiration/cohesion
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| Why is there always one purine with one pyrimidine in the DNA molecule? | Same number of rings leads to equal width of double helix. Purine 2 rings, pyrimidine 1, always three total.
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| Why did ice cold water heat up faster than water with ice in it? | Energy applied to water with ice was used to melt ice instead of speeding up molecules.: heat of fusion.
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| What force eventually causes water on a penny to spill over? | gravity of the water
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| Why did pepper sink in the demo in class? | more dense than water
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| Name the four polysaccharides and which two are in plants. | glycogen, chitin, cellulose, starch: last two in plants
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| What is cellulose made of? | glucose molecules
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| How many amino acids are there in human proteins? | 20
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| What bonding causes alpha helix? | hydrogen bonding
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| What is the term that when one oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the other three binding spots become more accessible? | cooperativity
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| When something bind to a protein to make it functional, what is this? | activation
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| When something binds to a protein to make in nonfunctional or less functional, what is this? | inhibition
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| When environmental conditions change causing a protein to change it shape to be nonfunctional? | denaturation
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| What is the term for molecules that bind to an enzyme to improve its function? | cofactors/minerals and vitamins
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| Assist proteins in their folding up | chaperone proteins
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| bonds away from the binding site to change function of protein to be better or worse, what is this? | allosteric
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| another word for shape of protein | conformation
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| insulin is what type of macromolecule? | protein
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| What is true of essential amino acids? | need them in our diet, as nonessential are made by body
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| What is true of complete proteins vs incomplete proteins? | Complete has all of the essential amino acids
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| IF 20% of DNA sample is G, what % is T? | 30% C and G would both be 20% then 60% remaining split between A and T.
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| What is albumin? | egg white protein
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| What mineral holds catalase together? | iron
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| What does catalase break down? | hydrogen peroxide
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| What part of the water molecule is positively charged? | hydrogon atoms
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| What steroid is a plant pigment? | chlorophyll: absorbs light energy
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| What part of the phospholipid is nonpolar? | two fatty acid tails
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| What happens to the H+ concentration if the pH drops by 3? | 1000 X as concentrated
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| What happens to the H+ concentration when NaOH is added to water? | Goes down as OH- bond to H+ and remove them
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| What happens to H+ concentration when carbon dioxide concentration goes up? | H+ goes up, pH goes down, acidic
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| What color indicator turned yellow in the blowing CO2 into water demo? | bromothymol blue
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| The bohr effect is a change in the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin based on what environmental change? | drop in pH
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| What two environmental conditions lead working muscles to have their hemoglobin molecules let go of oxygen more easily? | low pH (lactic acid/bohr effect) and decreased O2 levels
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