Chapter 2 and 3 vocabulary
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass
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| Mass | the quantity of matter an object has
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| Elements | substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
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| Atom | the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element
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| Nucleus | the central region that makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles (proton and neutron)
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| Proton | a positively charged subatomic particle
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| Neutron | a subatomic particle that has no charge
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| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom
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| mass number | is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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| Electrons | negatively charged particles that have high energy and contain little mass
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| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
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| orbital | a three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron
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| compounds | made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions
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| chemical bonds | attractive forces that hold atoms together
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| covalent bond | it forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| molecule | the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state
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| ion | an atom or molecule with an electric charge
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| ionic bond | when positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, the sodium ion and the chloride ion attract each other.
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| chemical reaction | one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
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| reactants | shown on the left side of the equation; carbon dioxide and water (CO2+H2O=H2CO3)
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| products | the answer of result of something (like H2CO3 in equation above)
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| metabolism | describes the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
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| activation energy | the amount of energy needed to start the reaction
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| catalysts | a chemical substance that reduces the activation energy that is needed for a reaction to occur
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| enzyme | a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed
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| redox reactions | reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms; a reactant loses one or more electrons, becoming more positive in charge
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| reduction reaction | a reactant gains one or more electrons becoming more negative in charge
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| polar | something that has an uneven distribution of charge
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| hydrogen bond | the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge
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| cohesion | an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together
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| adhesion | the attractive force between two particles of different substances
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| capillarity | the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid
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| solution | a mixture where one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
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| solute | a substance dissolved in the solvent
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| solvent | the substance where the solute is dissolved
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| concentration | the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution
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| saturated solution | one in which no more solute can dissolve
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| aqueous solutions | solutions where water is the solvent
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| hydroxide ion | the OH- ion that can react with another water molecule
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| hydronium ion | H3+ (water has an equal amount of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions)
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| acid | a type of solution that is sour tasting and can be highly corrosive
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| base | a solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions; has a bitter taste and feels slippery ( can be used to form soap)
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| pH scale | a scale used for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution (Ranges from 0-14)
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| buffers | chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution
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| organic compound | a broad category that is mostly made of carbon atoms. Most of the matter in living things are made of this.
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| functional groups | clusters of atoms in organic compounds; it influences the characteristics if the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo
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| monomers | small and simple molecules that can bond and form polymers
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| polymer | a molecule that consists of of repeated, linked units
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| macromolecules | large polymers (different types; lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)
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| condensation reaction | the chemical reaction in which monomers link to form polymers
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| hydrolysis | water is used to break down a polymer (it is the reverse of condensation reaction)
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| adenosine triphosphate | a compound that stores a lot of energy in the overall structure (ATP)
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| carbohydrates | an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (some are used for energy or structural materials)
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| monosaccharide | a monomer of a carbohydrate; it is a simple sugar that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
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| disaccharide | a double sugar formed by two monosaccharides that combined in a reaction rate
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| polysaccharide | a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides
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| proteins | organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| amino acids | the forming of proteins from the linkage of monomers
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| peptide bond | in a condensation reaction, two amino acids form a convalent bond
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| enzymes | RNA or protein molecules that act as a biological catalysts (it is essential for cell function)
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| substrate | the reactant that is catalyzed
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| active site | the folds of an enzyme
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| lipids | large, non polar organic molecules (doesn't dissolve in water)
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| triglycerides | has three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol
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| fatty acids | unbranched carbon chains that make up most of the lipids
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| phospholipids | they have two fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol
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| wax | a type of structural lipid that contains a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
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| steroid | are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
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| nucleic acids | large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information to a cell
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| deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA | contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activity
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA | stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins
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| nucleotide | made of three components: a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a ring shaped nitrogenous base
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