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Biochem
Chapter 2 and 3 vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Mass | the quantity of matter an object has |
| Elements | substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
| Atom | the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element |
| Nucleus | the central region that makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles (proton and neutron) |
| Proton | a positively charged subatomic particle |
| Neutron | a subatomic particle that has no charge |
| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom |
| mass number | is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles that have high energy and contain little mass |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
| orbital | a three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| compounds | made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
| chemical bonds | attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| covalent bond | it forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state |
| ion | an atom or molecule with an electric charge |
| ionic bond | when positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, the sodium ion and the chloride ion attract each other. |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| chemical reaction | one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
| reactants | shown on the left side of the equation; carbon dioxide and water (CO2+H2O=H2CO3) |
| products | the answer of result of something (like H2CO3 in equation above) |
| metabolism | describes the chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| activation energy | the amount of energy needed to start the reaction |
| catalysts | a chemical substance that reduces the activation energy that is needed for a reaction to occur |
| enzyme | a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| redox reactions | reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms; a reactant loses one or more electrons, becoming more positive in charge |
| reduction reaction | a reactant gains one or more electrons becoming more negative in charge |
| polar | something that has an uneven distribution of charge |
| hydrogen bond | the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge |
| cohesion | an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together |
| adhesion | the attractive force between two particles of different substances |
| capillarity | the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid |
| solution | a mixture where one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance |
| solute | a substance dissolved in the solvent |
| solvent | the substance where the solute is dissolved |
| concentration | the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution |
| saturated solution | one in which no more solute can dissolve |
| aqueous solutions | solutions where water is the solvent |
| hydroxide ion | the OH- ion that can react with another water molecule |
| hydronium ion | H3+ (water has an equal amount of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions) |
| acid | a type of solution that is sour tasting and can be highly corrosive |
| base | a solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions; has a bitter taste and feels slippery ( can be used to form soap) |
| pH scale | a scale used for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution (Ranges from 0-14) |
| buffers | chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution |
| organic compound | a broad category that is mostly made of carbon atoms. Most of the matter in living things are made of this. |
| functional groups | clusters of atoms in organic compounds; it influences the characteristics if the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| monomers | small and simple molecules that can bond and form polymers |
| polymer | a molecule that consists of of repeated, linked units |
| macromolecules | large polymers (different types; lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) |
| condensation reaction | the chemical reaction in which monomers link to form polymers |
| hydrolysis | water is used to break down a polymer (it is the reverse of condensation reaction) |
| adenosine triphosphate | a compound that stores a lot of energy in the overall structure (ATP) |
| carbohydrates | an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (some are used for energy or structural materials) |
| monosaccharide | a monomer of a carbohydrate; it is a simple sugar that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 |
| disaccharide | a double sugar formed by two monosaccharides that combined in a reaction rate |
| polysaccharide | a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| proteins | organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| amino acids | the forming of proteins from the linkage of monomers |
| peptide bond | in a condensation reaction, two amino acids form a convalent bond |
| enzymes | RNA or protein molecules that act as a biological catalysts (it is essential for cell function) |
| substrate | the reactant that is catalyzed |
| active site | the folds of an enzyme |
| lipids | large, non polar organic molecules (doesn't dissolve in water) |
| triglycerides | has three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol |
| fatty acids | unbranched carbon chains that make up most of the lipids |
| phospholipids | they have two fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| wax | a type of structural lipid that contains a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
| nucleic acids | large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information to a cell |
| deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA | contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activity |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA | stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| nucleotide | made of three components: a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a ring shaped nitrogenous base |
Created by:
elizrhys
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