Ch 1-7
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| Matter is measured in | kilograms
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| The fundamental building blocks of matter are | atoms and molecules
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| The formula ___ is the basis for the theory that led to nuclear power | E-MC^2
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| Electromagnetic energy includes | radiowaves, microwaves, ultraviolet, infrared, visible light, xray, gamma
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| A moving object has | kinetic energy
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| The removal of an electron from an atom is called | ionization
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| Ionizing radiation is capable of ___ electrons from atoms as it passes through matter | removing
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| Xray are forms of | electromagnetic energy
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| _____ exposure is the biggest source of man-made radiation | diagnostic xray
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| We are exposed to 20-90 mR/yr of ionizing radiation from | natural environment in the U.S.
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| The basic quantities measured in mechanics are | mass, length, time
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| Radiation exposure is measured in | grays
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| Today, radiology is considered a safe occupation because of elective | radiation protection
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| ALARA means | as low as reasonably achievable
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| Xray filtration is used to absorb | low energy xrays
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| The term atom was first used by the | Greeks
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| First person to describe an element as being composed of identical atoms was | John Dalton
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| The smallest particle that has the properties of an element is an | atom
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| A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the | Bohr model of the atom
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| The fundamental particles of an atom are the | neutrons, protons, electrons
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| The chemical element is determined by the number of | protons in the atom
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| An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of | zero; neutral
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| The binding energies or energy levels of electrons are represented by their | shells
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| Atoms with the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons is an | isotope
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| When atoms of various elements combine they form | molecules
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| The losses or gain of one of more electrons is an | ionization
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| The number of electrons in an electron shell is calculated with the formula | 2n^2
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| A neutral atom has the same number of | protons and electrons
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| The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter | K
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| The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter | Z
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| The atomic number equals the number of | protons in the atom
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| The difference between xrays and gamma rays is their | origin
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| The alpha particle is the least penetrating form of | particulates/particles
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| The properties of photons are | frequency, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude
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| The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a | photon
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| The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is | 3*10^8 m/s
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| The rate of the rise and fall of a sine wave is called | frequency
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| The ___ of electromagnetic radiation is constant | velocity
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| If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, the frequency must decrease by | half
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| The intensity of radiation decrease in _______ to the square of the distance of the object from the source | inverse proportion
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| The reduction of radiation intensity due to scattering and absorption is called | attenuation
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| The intensity of radiation on an object is reduced with distance because the radiation is | spread out over a greater area
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| If intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (m/m) at 3 ft using the inverse square law, what will it be at 6 ft? | I millilumen
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| The diagnostic range of xray energy is | 30-150 kVp
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| The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its | frequency
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| Xray are usually identified by their | energy (kVp)
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| The lowest energy range on the electromagnetic spectrum is | radiowaves
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| Gamma rays are produced in the | nucleus of the atom
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| Photons with the highest frequencies have the | shortest wavelengths
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| The smallest unit of electrical charge is the | electron
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| Electrification occurs only through the movement of | electrons only
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| A battery is a source of | direct current
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| When an electrical potential (voltage) is applied to a conductor, both a | current and a magnetic are produced
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| An alternating(AC) current is represented by a | sinusoidal line
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| A flashlight is battery operated, and is any example of using | direct current
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| Alternating current is produced by a | generator
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| Ohm's law formula is | V=IR
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| Electrical power is measured in | watts
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| Rubber and glass are ____ because they do not conduct electricity | insulators
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| When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create a | magnetic domain
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| In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every | 1/60 second
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| The Si unit of magnetic field strength is the | tesla
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| Ferromagnetic material can be made magnetic when placed in an external | magnetic field
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| Like magnets poles _____ and unlike magnetic poles | repel; attract
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| Water is a _____ (type of magnetic material) | diamagnetic
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| The magnetic intensity of an electromagnetic is greatly increased by the addition of an | iron core
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| The three main parts of an xray imaging system are the | operating console, high-voltage generator, tube
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| The operating console contains circuits that are | low voltage only
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| Variation in power distribution to xray machine are corrected by | line voltage compensators
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| The first component in the xray circuit is the | autotransformer
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| The autotransformer has | one winding
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| The ____ circuit provides electrons for the xray tube. | filament
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| The most accurate type of times is the | electronic timer
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| The automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when sufficient radiation reaches the | image receptor
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| The step up transformer increases voltage | 500-1000 times
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| A diode allows electrons to flow from | cathode to anode
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| With half-wave rectification the current flows through the xray tube during the _____ part of the cycle | positive
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| Full-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an xray beam at ___ pulses per second | 360
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| Voltage across the xray tube is most constant with | high voltage generators
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| Most mammography units operate with | high frequency generators
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| A single-phase waveform has ______ ripple | 100%
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| The principle disadvantage of three-phase equipment is | cost
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| The xray generator with the lowest power rating is the _____ imaging system | single phase
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| The most widely used support structure of the xray tube is the | ceiling support system
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| _____ coating within the tube can cause arcing | tungsten
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| The negative side of the xray tube is the | cathode
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| The cathode holds the | filament
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| The most common cause of tube failure is | tungsten vaporization
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| The filament is made of | tungsten
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| _____ emission at the filament creates a space charge | thermonic
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| The ___ motor works by electromagnetic induction to turn the anode | stator
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| When electron bombard the target ___ of their energy is converted to heat. | 99%
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| The target of the rotating anode is usually coated with a | tungsten alloy
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| The ___ is the source of radiation in the xray tube | focal spot
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| The size of the effective ___ decreases as the target angle decreases | focal spot
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| High capacity tube rotors revolve at | 10,000 rpm
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| The heel effect causes xray intensity to be greater on the ___side of the tube | cathode
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| The ___ side of the tube should be over the thicker part of the patient because of the heel node effect | cathode
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| Tube ____ can occur from long exposures | failure
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| The stators are ___ the glass envelope | outside
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| ___ or ___ radiation is produced from rebounding electrons | extrafocus; off-focus
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| The heel is caused by the ___ of the anode | angle
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| The effective focal spot size is smaller than the | actual focal spot
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| Localized ___ on the anode target can occur from a single excessive exposure | pitting
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| Projectile electrons travel from the filament to the | anode
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| During an exposure, most of the kinetic energy of the projectile electrons is converted to | heat
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| the production of heat at the anode is directly proportional to | tube current
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| The efficiency of xray production increases as kVp | increases
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| Approximately ___ of kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to xrays at the target | 1%
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| Electrons interaction at the inner-shell of the target atoms produce | characteristic radiation
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| The useful characteristic xrays from tungsten are | k shell xrays
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| Characteristic K-shell xrays have an effective energy of | 57 keV
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| Most of the xrays produced at the target are | bremsstrahlung
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| At 55kVp ___ of the xrays produced are bremsstrahlung | 100%
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| Bremsstrahlung xrays are produced by slowing electrons at the | nucleus
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| Characteristic xrays are produced by released binding | energy
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| The amplitude of the emission spectrum is lower with a ___ generator than with a three-phase generator | single phase
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| A 15% increasing kVp is equivalent to doubling the | mAs
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