Test 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Pulmonary circuit (contains) | Pulmonary arteries and Pulmonary veins
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| superior venae cavae | the furthest a red
blood cell can travel is the
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| Right side of heart | Carry Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior venae cavae and pulmonary arteries
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| Heart located | Mediastinum, between lungs
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| The heart lies touching | the diaphragm, pointing
toward the Left lung
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| Heart wall has HOW MANY LAYERS | (3) three layers: epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
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| Myocardium | proportional to work load
or performs the work of the heart.
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| Right and left atria (CHAMBER S OF THE HEART) | Two superior (upper) chambers
Receive blood returning to heart ( receiving chambers of the heart)
Thinner walls than the ventricles
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| Right and left ventricles | Two inferior (lower) chambers
Thicker walls of the heart
The discharging chambers of the heart
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| Pressure Gradients | Valves opening and closing of the heart valves is
caused BY
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| Right AV valve has HOW MANY CUSPS | Right AV valve has three cusps (tricuspid valve)
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| WHICH Atrioventricular (AV) valves regulates the opening between RA and RV |
RIGHT AV VALVE
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| Atrioventricular (AV) OXYGEN | poor blood passes through the Right AV
(tricuspid valve and pulmonary valves)
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| (known as mitral valve, formerly ‘bicuspid’) between LA and LV | Left AV valve
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| between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk | Pulmonary semilunar valve
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| What separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery? | Pulmonary semilunar valve
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| WHICH DIRECTION DOES THE Pulmonary trunk and arteries carry blood? | Pulmonary trunk and arteries carry blood TOWARD the lungs
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| Aortic semilunar valve | opening between left ventricle and into the artery (Aorta)
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| Left coronary artery (LCA) | Left coronary artery (LCA) directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and
anterior interventricular branch
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| The Conduction System :ORDER | SAAPC
1)Sinoatrial (SA) node
2) Atrioventricular (AV) node
(3) Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
(4) Purkinje fibers
(5) Cardiocytes in Left Ventricle
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| PACEMAKER- SA NODE | *Starts at −60 mV and drifts upward due to slow Na+ inflow
*Cells of the SA NODE depolarize slow or gradual depolarization is called pacemaker potential
* and Na+ channels open
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| P WAVE | Atria depolarize causes P wave
and contract
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| T wave – | T wave – deflection that is generated by
Ventricular repolarization and relaxation
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| Mitral valve prolapse: | Causes blood to leak back into the Left Atrium
when the ventricles contract
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| First heart sound (S1) | Lubb,” occurs with closure, .. ( closing mitral and tricuspid valve)
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| Cardiac output (CO) | Cardiac output (CO)—volume of blood or amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute
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| stroke volume (SV) |
Increased venous return
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| Frank–Starling law of the heart | Stroke volume is proportional to the end diastolic volume
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| Tunica media | much thicker in arteries
than it is in veins.
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| Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) | Outermost layer of an artery or vein
Consists of tough loose connective tissue
Vasa vasorum: larger vessels and arteries
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| Arteries | sometimes called resistance vessels because of their strong, resilient tissue structure
Arteries are classified by size
Conducting (elastic or large) arteries
Biggest arteries and vessels have thickest tunica media
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| Arteries are classified by size | Biggest arteries and vessels have thickest tunica media
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| Arteries Functions: (4) | - thicker tunica media than veins
- carry blood away from the heart
- they carry blood to arterioles
- no endothelium valves
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| greatest volume of blood found in the body | VEINS
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| Veins Functions: | - thinner tunica media than arteries
- carry blood back to heart
- receive blood from venules
- has endothelium has one way valves
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| Blood pools in the lower legs | varicose veins
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| Blood backflows and further distends the vessels, their walls grow weak and develop into | varicose veins
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| Arterial anastomosis |
(alternative) routes of blood supply to a tissue
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| Factor influences resistance to blood flow are | blood viscosity and tension of the muscles in the wall of the blood vessels
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| AS BP tends to rise with age |
- arteries get “hard” and absorb less systolic force
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| *regulated mainly by kidney * direct cause of blood pressure | BV BLOOD VOLUME
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| Blood pressure (BP) Blood pressure is highest in the Blood pressure is lowest in the |
highest in the large arteries
lowest in the large veins
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| Blood viscosity | (“thickness”)
Increased viscosity would decreased the velocity OF BLOOD FLOW
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| most powerful influence over flow | Vessel radius
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| changes in vessel radius, associated with smooth muscle in the tunica media | Vasoreflexes
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| Vessel radius | most important effect or markedly affects blood velocity
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| Medullary ischemic reflex | Results in increased circulation to the brain
Medulla oblongata monitors its own blood supply,
where vasomotor located
(ALL THE ABOVE(
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| Angiotensin II | potent vasoconstrictor
also powerful vasoconstrictor
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide | Lowers or decrease blood pressure
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| Hydrostatic pressure | most important force driving filtration at the arterial
end of a capillary
REMEMBER ARTERIAL END
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| Blood pressure is the most important force in venous return | Pressure gradient generated by the heart
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| the first blood vessel of pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary artery
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| Aorta |
- is the first blood vessel of the systemic circulation
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| - lymphatic vessels | Recover 15% of fluid filtered by capillaries
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| Blood capillaries and lymph capillaries are |
- microscopic in size
- made of endothelial tissue
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| Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are | - special lymphatic vessels
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| Two collecting ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels and empty into the subclavian veins | THORACIC AND RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
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| Veins in the circulatory system and veins in the lymphatic system |
- carry fluid back toward the heart
- have one-way valves
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| B lymphocytes (B cells) | produce antibodies called “plasma cells”
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| After birth, B cells change from stem cells to _______ in bone marrow | immature B cells
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| remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age | THYMUS
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| Thymus gland : Stem cells seed structure help develop | T cells
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| most numerous and only lymphatic organs with AFFERENT lymphatic vessels. | Lymph nodes
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| Lymph enters the node through_____ afferent lymph vessels. | four
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| Lymph_____ the node through ONE_____ lymphatic vessels that leave the hilum | EXITS EFFERENT
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| The body’s largest lymphatic organ | Spleen
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| secreted by cells infected by viruses and antimicrobial agents | Interferons
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| When enemy cell is present______ cells continually patrol body looking for pathogens and diseased host cells | Natural killer (NK)
LOL SECUTIRY GUARD
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| NATURAL KILLER CELLS | RELEASE proteins called PERFORINS
Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane or cell membrane
SECRETED enzymes GRANZYMES
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| Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen Example: have the chickenpox once,never get again. | Natural active immunity (NA)
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| Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination AGAINST DISEASE Example: Getting “flu shot” | ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE immunity (AA)
(AGAINST)
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| VACCINE | stimulate the immune response without causing the disease
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| Fetus ACQUIRES antibodies from mother | Natural passive immunity (NP)
(NATURALLY MOTHER PASSES TO CHILD)
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| serum (antibodies)(BLOOD) from another person for emergency treatment snakebite, botulism, rabies, tetanus, and other diseases Ex: exposed to Hep.A and have not been vaccinated , you may receive antibodies from another person. | Artificial passive immunity (AP)
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| identification tags” recognize antigens when they are bound to (MHC) complex | Helper T Cells
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| an antibody two antigen–bonding sites (found in blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions) | Immunoglobulin (Ig)
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| IgA | Provides passive immunity to newborns
ex tears
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| AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES | autoantibodies that attack body’s own tissues
Example: Systemic LUPUS
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