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Anatomy Physiology 2
Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary circuit (contains) | Pulmonary arteries and Pulmonary veins |
| superior venae cavae | the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the |
| Right side of heart | Carry Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior venae cavae and pulmonary arteries |
| Heart located | Mediastinum, between lungs |
| The heart lies touching | the diaphragm, pointing toward the Left lung |
| Heart wall has HOW MANY LAYERS | (3) three layers: epicardium, myocardium and endocardium |
| Myocardium | proportional to work load or performs the work of the heart. |
| Right and left atria (CHAMBER S OF THE HEART) | Two superior (upper) chambers Receive blood returning to heart ( receiving chambers of the heart) Thinner walls than the ventricles |
| Right and left ventricles | Two inferior (lower) chambers Thicker walls of the heart The discharging chambers of the heart |
| Pressure Gradients | Valves opening and closing of the heart valves is caused BY |
| Right AV valve has HOW MANY CUSPS | Right AV valve has three cusps (tricuspid valve) |
| WHICH Atrioventricular (AV) valves regulates the opening between RA and RV | RIGHT AV VALVE |
| Atrioventricular (AV) OXYGEN | poor blood passes through the Right AV (tricuspid valve and pulmonary valves) |
| (known as mitral valve, formerly ‘bicuspid’) between LA and LV | Left AV valve |
| between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| What separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery? | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| WHICH DIRECTION DOES THE Pulmonary trunk and arteries carry blood? | Pulmonary trunk and arteries carry blood TOWARD the lungs |
| Aortic semilunar valve | opening between left ventricle and into the artery (Aorta) |
| Left coronary artery (LCA) | Left coronary artery (LCA) directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch |
| The Conduction System :ORDER | SAAPC 1)Sinoatrial (SA) node 2) Atrioventricular (AV) node (3) Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) (4) Purkinje fibers (5) Cardiocytes in Left Ventricle |
| PACEMAKER- SA NODE | *Starts at −60 mV and drifts upward due to slow Na+ inflow *Cells of the SA NODE depolarize slow or gradual depolarization is called pacemaker potential * and Na+ channels open |
| P WAVE | Atria depolarize causes P wave and contract |
| T wave – | T wave – deflection that is generated by Ventricular repolarization and relaxation |
| Mitral valve prolapse: | Causes blood to leak back into the Left Atrium when the ventricles contract |
| First heart sound (S1) | Lubb,” occurs with closure, .. ( closing mitral and tricuspid valve) |
| Cardiac output (CO) | Cardiac output (CO)—volume of blood or amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute |
| stroke volume (SV) | Increased venous return |
| Frank–Starling law of the heart | Stroke volume is proportional to the end diastolic volume |
| Tunica media | much thicker in arteries than it is in veins. |
| Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) | Outermost layer of an artery or vein Consists of tough loose connective tissue Vasa vasorum: larger vessels and arteries |
| Arteries | sometimes called resistance vessels because of their strong, resilient tissue structure Arteries are classified by size Conducting (elastic or large) arteries Biggest arteries and vessels have thickest tunica media |
| Arteries are classified by size | Biggest arteries and vessels have thickest tunica media |
| Arteries Functions: (4) | - thicker tunica media than veins - carry blood away from the heart - they carry blood to arterioles - no endothelium valves |
| greatest volume of blood found in the body | VEINS |
| Veins Functions: | - thinner tunica media than arteries - carry blood back to heart - receive blood from venules - has endothelium has one way valves |
| Blood pools in the lower legs | varicose veins |
| Blood backflows and further distends the vessels, their walls grow weak and develop into | varicose veins |
| Arterial anastomosis | (alternative) routes of blood supply to a tissue |
| Factor influences resistance to blood flow are | blood viscosity and tension of the muscles in the wall of the blood vessels |
| AS BP tends to rise with age | - arteries get “hard” and absorb less systolic force |
| *regulated mainly by kidney * direct cause of blood pressure | BV BLOOD VOLUME |
| Blood pressure (BP) Blood pressure is highest in the Blood pressure is lowest in the | highest in the large arteries lowest in the large veins |
| Blood viscosity | (“thickness”) Increased viscosity would decreased the velocity OF BLOOD FLOW |
| most powerful influence over flow | Vessel radius |
| changes in vessel radius, associated with smooth muscle in the tunica media | Vasoreflexes |
| Vessel radius | most important effect or markedly affects blood velocity |
| Medullary ischemic reflex | Results in increased circulation to the brain Medulla oblongata monitors its own blood supply, where vasomotor located (ALL THE ABOVE( |
| Angiotensin II | potent vasoconstrictor also powerful vasoconstrictor |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | Lowers or decrease blood pressure |
| Hydrostatic pressure | most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary REMEMBER ARTERIAL END |
| Blood pressure is the most important force in venous return | Pressure gradient generated by the heart |
| the first blood vessel of pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary artery |
| Aorta | - is the first blood vessel of the systemic circulation |
| - lymphatic vessels | Recover 15% of fluid filtered by capillaries |
| Blood capillaries and lymph capillaries are | - microscopic in size - made of endothelial tissue |
| Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are | - special lymphatic vessels |
| Two collecting ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels and empty into the subclavian veins | THORACIC AND RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT |
| Veins in the circulatory system and veins in the lymphatic system | - carry fluid back toward the heart - have one-way valves |
| B lymphocytes (B cells) | produce antibodies called “plasma cells” |
| After birth, B cells change from stem cells to _______ in bone marrow | immature B cells |
| remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age | THYMUS |
| Thymus gland : Stem cells seed structure help develop | T cells |
| most numerous and only lymphatic organs with AFFERENT lymphatic vessels. | Lymph nodes |
| Lymph enters the node through_____ afferent lymph vessels. | four |
| Lymph_____ the node through ONE_____ lymphatic vessels that leave the hilum | EXITS EFFERENT |
| The body’s largest lymphatic organ | Spleen |
| secreted by cells infected by viruses and antimicrobial agents | Interferons |
| When enemy cell is present______ cells continually patrol body looking for pathogens and diseased host cells | Natural killer (NK) LOL SECUTIRY GUARD |
| NATURAL KILLER CELLS | RELEASE proteins called PERFORINS Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane or cell membrane SECRETED enzymes GRANZYMES |
| Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen Example: have the chickenpox once,never get again. | Natural active immunity (NA) |
| Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination AGAINST DISEASE Example: Getting “flu shot” | ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE immunity (AA) (AGAINST) |
| VACCINE | stimulate the immune response without causing the disease |
| Fetus ACQUIRES antibodies from mother | Natural passive immunity (NP) (NATURALLY MOTHER PASSES TO CHILD) |
| serum (antibodies)(BLOOD) from another person for emergency treatment snakebite, botulism, rabies, tetanus, and other diseases Ex: exposed to Hep.A and have not been vaccinated , you may receive antibodies from another person. | Artificial passive immunity (AP) |
| identification tags” recognize antigens when they are bound to (MHC) complex | Helper T Cells |
| an antibody two antigen–bonding sites (found in blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions) | Immunoglobulin (Ig) |
| IgA | Provides passive immunity to newborns ex tears |
| AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES | autoantibodies that attack body’s own tissues Example: Systemic LUPUS |
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