Radiographic Positioning and related Anatomy
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| What are the four image quality factors of a radiograph? | Density, Contrast, Spatial Resolution, Distortion
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| The amount of blackness on a processed radiograph is called? | Density
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| Which specific exposure factor controls the quality or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam? | kilovoltage (kV)
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| Exposure Time (ms) | Controls the duration of the exposure, usually expressed in milliseconds.
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| Exposure latitude | The range of exposure over which a film produces an acceptable image.
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| The 3 common types of compensating filters | Wedge filter, Trough filter, and Boomerang filter
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| List the 3 geometric factors that control or influence image resolution | Focal spot size, Source image receptor distance (SID), Object image receptor distance (OID).
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| List the 6 image quality factors to evaluate digital image | Brightness, Contrast, Spatial Resolution, Distortion, Exposure Indicator, Noise.
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| List the four primary controlling factors for distortion | Central Ray Placement, Object IR Alignment, Source image receptor distance (SID), Object image receptor distance (OID)
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| List the terms describing the two pixel sizes used in digital image | Acquisition Pixel Size, Display Pixel Size
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| List the four factors that affect the exposure indicator in the digital image | mAs, kV, Total Detector Area Irradiated, Objects Exposed.
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| List the three components of a photostimulable storage phosphor plate system | Image Plates, IP Reader, Technologist QC Workstation.
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| Annotation | Adding text to image
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| Edge Enhancement | Increasing brightness along the margins of structures to increase the visibility of the edge
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| Image Reversal | Reversing the dark and light pixel values of an image
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| Magnification | Enlarging all or part of an image
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| Smoothing | The application of specific image processing to reduce the display of noise in an image
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| Subtraction | Removing background anatomy to allow visualization of contrast media-filled structures.
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| P.A.C.S. | Picture Archiving Communication System also linked to a "virtual filmed library"
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| DICOM | Digital Imaging Communications Medicine
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| RIS (Radiology Information System) | A computer system that supports the operation of a radiology department. Includes exams, order processing, scheduling, registration, report archiving, film tracking and billing
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| HIS (Hospital Information System) | Computer system designed to support and integrate the operations of the entire hospital
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| HL7 | Health Care Level 7
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| IR | Image Receptor
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| OID | Object Image Distance
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| DR | Digital Radiography
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| AEC | Automatic Exposure Control
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| Windowing | The user adjusting the window level and window width (image contrast and brightness) by the user
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| Bit-depth | Representative of the number of shades of gray that can be demonstrated by each pixel
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| Noise | Random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity
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| Exposure level | Term used by certain equipment manufacturers to imply exposure indicator
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| Central Ray | has no divergence; the least amount of distortion
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| Display Matrix | Series of "boxes" that give form to the image
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| Brightness | The intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor
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| Contrast | The difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image
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| Exposure Indicator | A numeric value that is representative of the exposure the image receptor received in digital radiography
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| Pixel | Picture element; an individual component of the image matrix
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| Window level | Controls the brightness of a digital image (within certain range)
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| Window Width | Controls the range of gray levels of an image (the contrast)
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| Algorithms | Highly complex mathematical formulas that are systematically applied to a data set for digital processing
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| Post-processing | Changing or enhancing the electronic image so that it can be viewed from a different perspective or its diagnostic quality can be improved
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| Spatial Resolution | The recorded sharpness of structures on the image; also may be called detail, sharpness, or definition
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| What is the primary control factor of film density? | mAs
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| A general rule state that a minimum change in mAs of 25-30% is required to make a visible difference in radiographic on the repeated radiograph | To light, double mAs.
To dark, cut mAs in half.
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| Anode heel effect | The intensity od radiation emitted from the cathode end of the x-ray tube is greater than that emitted at the anode end.
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| Grid | Used to absorb much of the scatter radiation before it hits the IR.
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| Penumbra | The unsharp edges of objects in the projected image
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| Voluntary Motion | Motion patients control such as breathing
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| Involuntary Motion | Motion that can not be controlled by the patient such as peristaltic action of abdominal organs.
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| distortion | Misrepresenting of objects size or shape
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| ALARA | Always to ensure that the radiation dose to both the patient and other health care professionals is kept as low as reasonably achievable.
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| The unit for absorbed dose | Gray (rad)
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| The product of the absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor yields the equivalent dose in units of? | Sievert (or rem)
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| What is the annual dose limit for occupationally exposed workers? | 50 mSv (5 rem)
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| What is the recommended cumulative lifetime dose for occupationally exposed workers? | 10 mSv (1 rem) x age in years
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| Which type of compensating filter is used commonly for AP projections of the thoracic spine? | Wedge filter
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| Which type of compensating filter permits soft tissue and bony detail of the should to be equally visualized? | Boomerang Filter
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| If an anatomy part is greater than 10 cm, what must be used? | Grid
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| 24 x 30 cm | 10 x 12 in"
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| 18 x 24 cm | 8 x 10 in"
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| 35 x 43 cm | 14 x 17 in"
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| 30 x 35 cm | 11 x 14 in"
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| 24 x 24 cm | 9 x 9 in"
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| 18 x 43 cm | 7 x 17 in"
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| Image Gently | intended to reduce unnecessary dose to children
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| Image wisely | Eliminates unnecessary radiation and dose exposure to adults. conducting the most appropriate imaging procedure.
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| Roentgen (R) | Coulombs per kilogram (c/kg) of air
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| Radiation absorbed dose (rad) | Gray (Gy)
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| Radiation equivalent man (rem) | Sievert (Sv)
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| What is the maximum dose limit for a pregnant technologist per month? | 0.5 mSv (50 mrem)
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| What is the maximum dose limit for a pregnant technologist for the entire gestational period? | 5 mSv (500 mrem)
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| What is the ED limit for minors under the age of 18? | 1 mSv (0.1 rem)
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| TLD | Termoluminescent Dosimeter
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| OSL | Optically stimulated luminescene (dosimeter)
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