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Chapter 1B
Radiographic Positioning and related Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four image quality factors of a radiograph? | Density, Contrast, Spatial Resolution, Distortion |
| The amount of blackness on a processed radiograph is called? | Density |
| Which specific exposure factor controls the quality or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam? | kilovoltage (kV) |
| Exposure Time (ms) | Controls the duration of the exposure, usually expressed in milliseconds. |
| Exposure latitude | The range of exposure over which a film produces an acceptable image. |
| The 3 common types of compensating filters | Wedge filter, Trough filter, and Boomerang filter |
| List the 3 geometric factors that control or influence image resolution | Focal spot size, Source image receptor distance (SID), Object image receptor distance (OID). |
| List the 6 image quality factors to evaluate digital image | Brightness, Contrast, Spatial Resolution, Distortion, Exposure Indicator, Noise. |
| List the four primary controlling factors for distortion | Central Ray Placement, Object IR Alignment, Source image receptor distance (SID), Object image receptor distance (OID) |
| List the terms describing the two pixel sizes used in digital image | Acquisition Pixel Size, Display Pixel Size |
| List the four factors that affect the exposure indicator in the digital image | mAs, kV, Total Detector Area Irradiated, Objects Exposed. |
| List the three components of a photostimulable storage phosphor plate system | Image Plates, IP Reader, Technologist QC Workstation. |
| Annotation | Adding text to image |
| Edge Enhancement | Increasing brightness along the margins of structures to increase the visibility of the edge |
| Image Reversal | Reversing the dark and light pixel values of an image |
| Magnification | Enlarging all or part of an image |
| Smoothing | The application of specific image processing to reduce the display of noise in an image |
| Subtraction | Removing background anatomy to allow visualization of contrast media-filled structures. |
| P.A.C.S. | Picture Archiving Communication System also linked to a "virtual filmed library" |
| DICOM | Digital Imaging Communications Medicine |
| RIS (Radiology Information System) | A computer system that supports the operation of a radiology department. Includes exams, order processing, scheduling, registration, report archiving, film tracking and billing |
| HIS (Hospital Information System) | Computer system designed to support and integrate the operations of the entire hospital |
| HL7 | Health Care Level 7 |
| IR | Image Receptor |
| OID | Object Image Distance |
| DR | Digital Radiography |
| AEC | Automatic Exposure Control |
| Windowing | The user adjusting the window level and window width (image contrast and brightness) by the user |
| Bit-depth | Representative of the number of shades of gray that can be demonstrated by each pixel |
| Noise | Random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity |
| Exposure level | Term used by certain equipment manufacturers to imply exposure indicator |
| Central Ray | has no divergence; the least amount of distortion |
| Display Matrix | Series of "boxes" that give form to the image |
| Brightness | The intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor |
| Contrast | The difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image |
| Exposure Indicator | A numeric value that is representative of the exposure the image receptor received in digital radiography |
| Pixel | Picture element; an individual component of the image matrix |
| Window level | Controls the brightness of a digital image (within certain range) |
| Window Width | Controls the range of gray levels of an image (the contrast) |
| Algorithms | Highly complex mathematical formulas that are systematically applied to a data set for digital processing |
| Post-processing | Changing or enhancing the electronic image so that it can be viewed from a different perspective or its diagnostic quality can be improved |
| Spatial Resolution | The recorded sharpness of structures on the image; also may be called detail, sharpness, or definition |
| What is the primary control factor of film density? | mAs |
| A general rule state that a minimum change in mAs of 25-30% is required to make a visible difference in radiographic on the repeated radiograph | To light, double mAs. To dark, cut mAs in half. |
| Anode heel effect | The intensity od radiation emitted from the cathode end of the x-ray tube is greater than that emitted at the anode end. |
| Grid | Used to absorb much of the scatter radiation before it hits the IR. |
| Penumbra | The unsharp edges of objects in the projected image |
| Voluntary Motion | Motion patients control such as breathing |
| Involuntary Motion | Motion that can not be controlled by the patient such as peristaltic action of abdominal organs. |
| distortion | Misrepresenting of objects size or shape |
| ALARA | Always to ensure that the radiation dose to both the patient and other health care professionals is kept as low as reasonably achievable. |
| The unit for absorbed dose | Gray (rad) |
| The product of the absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor yields the equivalent dose in units of? | Sievert (or rem) |
| What is the annual dose limit for occupationally exposed workers? | 50 mSv (5 rem) |
| What is the recommended cumulative lifetime dose for occupationally exposed workers? | 10 mSv (1 rem) x age in years |
| Which type of compensating filter is used commonly for AP projections of the thoracic spine? | Wedge filter |
| Which type of compensating filter permits soft tissue and bony detail of the should to be equally visualized? | Boomerang Filter |
| If an anatomy part is greater than 10 cm, what must be used? | Grid |
| 24 x 30 cm | 10 x 12 in" |
| 18 x 24 cm | 8 x 10 in" |
| 35 x 43 cm | 14 x 17 in" |
| 30 x 35 cm | 11 x 14 in" |
| 24 x 24 cm | 9 x 9 in" |
| 18 x 43 cm | 7 x 17 in" |
| Image Gently | intended to reduce unnecessary dose to children |
| Image wisely | Eliminates unnecessary radiation and dose exposure to adults. conducting the most appropriate imaging procedure. |
| Roentgen (R) | Coulombs per kilogram (c/kg) of air |
| Radiation absorbed dose (rad) | Gray (Gy) |
| Radiation equivalent man (rem) | Sievert (Sv) |
| What is the maximum dose limit for a pregnant technologist per month? | 0.5 mSv (50 mrem) |
| What is the maximum dose limit for a pregnant technologist for the entire gestational period? | 5 mSv (500 mrem) |
| What is the ED limit for minors under the age of 18? | 1 mSv (0.1 rem) |
| TLD | Termoluminescent Dosimeter |
| OSL | Optically stimulated luminescene (dosimeter) |
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