ID and Classification of microorganisms
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| The three common ways to identify and classify microorganisms | 1. By shape 2. By color change 3. By need for oxygen
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| Are bacteria classified by shape, color, or need for oxygen? | shape
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| Round shaped, can be in pairs, clusters or chains | Cocci
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| Rod shaped; may be large and brick-shaped or small and stick-like. | Bacillus
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| Spiral shaped; can be comma shaped or many twists | Spirillum
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| First word in a microorganism's name (always capitalized) | Genus
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| Second word in a microorganism's name. | Species
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| Microorganisms capable of forming a thick wall around themselves enabling them to survive in adverse conditions; a resistant form of bacterium. | Spore
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| A molecule in plants that absorbs sunlight, and converts it to energy in process called photosynthesis. | Chlorophyll
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| Why are bacteria stained with color? | They cannot be seen under a microscope thus cannot be catergorized by shape if not seen.
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| Two stains that help identify bacteria | Gram and Ziehl-Neilson
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| Two important acid-fast bacteria that most commonly cause disease. | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis) and Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
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| Microbe that retains the red stain. | Acid Fast stain
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| Bacteria which require air with oxygen . | Aerobic Bacteria
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| Bacteria which obtain their oxygen from another source, and their enzymes are inactivated by free oxygen. | Anaerobic Bacteria
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| T or F: Suitable environments for specific bacteria may be as different as the bacteria themselves. | True
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| These bacteria grow best at 59 degreesF - 68 degrees F; likes cold temperature | Psychrophiles
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| These bacterium grow best at 122 degrees F- 158 degrees; likes moderate temperatures | Thermophiles
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| These bacterium grow best at body temperature of 68 F - 113 degrees F; likes warm temperatures | Mesophiles
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| State of active growth of microorganisms (as opposed to the resting or spore stages.) | Vegetative Stage
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| Angstrom | A unit that measures visible light
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| Under normal conditions, how often due most bacteria and other microorganisms reproduce? | every 20 minutes
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| The reproduction process of bacteria. | binary fision
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| T or F: Microorganisms can move by themselves. | False (they are known as hitch hikers)
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| Groups of microbes have specific requirements for growth and survival which tend to limit what two things? | The location where microbes can be found or the host in which they may invade.
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| T or False: A microbe that lives and thrives in the soil may not grow will in the vital organs of humans. | True - the reverse may also be true.
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| How microorganisms are moved/transmitted: | By air currents, on particles of dust, in liquids, and on solid objects such as patient care equipment.
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| Which type of microorganism is more harmful to humans? That which grows AT human body temperature or that which grows at a temperature less than human body temperature. | Grows at human body temperature.
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| What does the chain of infection show? | The infectious disease process is a complex interrelationship between source (agent), host, and environment.
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| The six links in the chain of infection are: | Causative agent, reservoir of the agent, portal of exit from the agent, mode of transmission, portal of entry into host, susceptible host.
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| The first link in the chain of infection; the microorganism that causes an infectious disease. | Causative agent (chain of infection)
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| the ability of an organism to invade the host and cause damage | Invasive (a characteristic of causative agent)
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| The ability of an organism to gain entry into the host and cause disease. | Pathogenicity (a characteristic of causative agent)
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| The degree of pathogenicity. | Virulence (a characteristic of causative agent)
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| The quantity of organisms required to cause disease. | Infectious dose (a characteristic of causative agent)
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| The ability of the organism to survive outside the host. | Viability in a free state (a characteristic of causative agent)
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| The ability of the microorganism to change itself to resist destruction by antibiotics. | Ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents
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| A place in which an infectious agent can survive. (It may not be able to multiply or divide.) | Reservoir of the agent (chain of infection)
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| Individuals who harbor infectious agents, but are not affected by them. | Carrier of infection
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| How to eliminate reservoirs. | Good personal hygiene and health habits and proper cleaning, decontamination, and sterilization of hospital equipment.
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| The path by which an infectious agent leaves the reservoir. | Portal of Exit (chain of infection)
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| How does the agent leave this portal: Respiratory tract | through coughing and sneezing
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| How does the agent leave this portal: Genitourinary tract | through urine, vaginal secretions or semen
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| How does the agent leave this portal: Gastrointestinal tract | through vomit or stools
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| How does the agent leave this portal: Skin/mucous membrane | through mucous or wound drainage
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| How does the agent leave this portal: Blood | blood transfusions and contact with blood
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| How does the agent leave this portal: Transplacental | through the placenta from mother to baby
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| The method of transfer of an infectious agent from the reservoir to a susceptible host. | Mode of Transmission (chain of infection)
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| 4 major modes of transmission of an infectious agent: | Contact, Common vehicle ( in food, blood, water), Airbourne, Vector-borne (from insects, mosquitoes)
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| The path used by an infectious agent to enter a susceptible host. | Portal of entry (chain of infection)
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| A person or animal that lacks the ability to resist infection by an infectious agent | Susceptible host (chain of infection)
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| Characteristics that affect the susceptibility of a host and the severity of a disease. | Age (very young and old are more susceptible); Disease history; Nutritional Status (inadequate nutrition); Compromised immune status; trauma
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