Biology
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| Biology is the study of.... | Life
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| What is the hierarchic system of organization? | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| What is the most inclusive hierarchic system? | Kingdom
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| What is the least inclusive hierarchic system? | Species
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| Who introduced the idea of evolution? When? | Charles Darwin, 1895
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| Charles Darwin proposed that current species arose from a process called what? | "Decent with modification"
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| What steps need to be done for an experiment to be performed? | Create a hypothesis, do the experiment, and create a conclusion
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| Water | Water is the substance that makes life possible. The molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
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| What is high specific heat? | The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 degree celsius
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| The ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance | Cohesion
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| The ability of water bond to or attract other molecules or substances | Adhesion
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| When water freezes what causes the molecule to spread apart, resulting in the phenomenon of floating? | Lattice
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| What are the most important molecules in biology? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| Generally long chains, or polymers of sugars. The most important of these are storage, structure, and energy | Carbohydrates
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| Better known as fats, but specifically they are fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids | Lipids
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| These very greatly, but simply are grouped into two categories: saturated and unsaturated fats | Fatty acids
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| Saturated fats | Contain now double bonds in their hydrogen tail, and are soild
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| Unsaturated fats | Contain one or more double bonds, and are liquid at room temperature
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| Consist of two fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate | Phospholipids
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| These are a component of membranes, but more important many are precursors to significant hormones | Steroids
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| This is the most significant contributor to cellar function | Protein
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| Protein | Complex, consist of several structure types, and are the largest of the biologic molecules.
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| Proteins are polymers of 20 molecules called | Amino acids
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| Enzyme | A particular type of protein that act to catalyze different reactions or processes, nearly all cellar function is catalyzed by some type of enzyme. They speed up the reactions and it doesnt take much energy to complete task.
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| Components of the molecules of inheritance | nucleic acids
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains a code that is necessary for replication
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| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Used in transfer and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code
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| The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism | metaboilsm
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| In a call, reactions take place in a series of steps called what? These processes from a standpoint of high energy to low energy. All reactions are catalyzed by the use of enzymes | Metabolic pathways
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| What is the fundamental unit of biology? | Cell
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| What are the two types of cells? | Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
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| Cells consist of many components, most of which are referred to as what? | Organelles
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| Prokaryotic cell | Lacks a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles
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| Eukaryotic cell | Cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the nucleus
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| The first of the organelles is the nucleus, which contains the DNA of the cell in organized masses called what? | Chromosomes
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| Chromosomes | contain all of the material for the regeneration of the cell, as well as all instructions for the function of the cell.
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| Organelle that reads the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins | Ribosomes
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| Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis generally have a large number of what? | Ribosomes
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| Bound ribosomes are those found attached to what? | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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| What is found in the cytoplasm? | Free ribosomes
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| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | The ER is a membranous organelle found attached to the nuclear membrane and consists of two continuous parts
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| Section of an organelle that is responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production | Rough ER
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| Section of an organelle that lacks ribosomes and functions as the detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules | Smooth ER
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| Inside the cell is a packing, processing and shipping organelle that is called what? This also transport material from the ER throughout the cell | Golgi apparatus
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| Intra-cellular digestion takes place here.... | Lysosomes
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| What can lysosomes hydrolyze? | Proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids
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| Vacuoles | Membrane-enclosed structure that has various functions, depending on the cell type
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| Many cells uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacuole is called what? | Phagocytosis
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| Central vacuoles | Functions as storage, waste disposal, protection and hydrolysis
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| What are two distinct organelles that produce cell energy? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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| What are found in most eukaryotic cells and are the site of cellular respiration? | Mitochondria
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| What is found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis? | Chloroplasts
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| What is the most important component of the cell, contributing to protection, communication, and the passage of substance into and out of the cell? | Cellular membrane
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| What molecule is used as currency of the cell? | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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| Molecule that is used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP in the final steps of respiration | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
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| The first step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in a process called what | Glycolysis
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| Step 2 the pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion and used in the first of a series of reactions called what? | Krebs cycle
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| Step 3 begins with oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water in a series of steps called | Electron transport chain
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| What is the overall ATP production for every glucose molecule consumed? | 32-36 ATP molecules
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| Chemical process that converts light energy to synthesize carbohydrates | Photosynthesis
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| What are the two stages of photosynthesis? | Light reactions and celvin cycle
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| Reaction that convert solar energy to chemical energy | Light reaction
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| During photosynthesis molecules used in this Process produce sugar. | Celvin cycle
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| What two categories do cell respiration fall into? | Sexual and Asexual reproduction
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| Asexual production that involves bacterial cells | Binary fission
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| When chromosomes bind to the plasma membrane, where it then replicates.. the cell then grows, pinches into two, producing two identical cells. | Binary fission
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| Binary fission and what are the types of asexual reproduction? | Mitosis
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| Process of cell division that occurs in five stages, before pinching into a process called cytokinesis. | Mitosis
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| What are the five stages of mitosis? | 1.Prophase 2.Prometaphase 3.Metaphase 4.Anaphase 5.Telophase
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| Which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes visibly separate, and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatides? | Prophase
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| Which stage of mitosis is the nuclear envelope beginning to dissapear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis? | Prometaphase
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| What stage of mitosis are all the chromosomes aligning along the center of the cell. | Metaphase
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| What stage of mitosis do the chromosomes start to separate, in this phase the chromatides are considered separate chromosomes | Anaphase
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| What is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes gather on either side of the now separated cell? | Telophase
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| The second process associated with cell division is call what? | Cytokinesis
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| How are sexual reproduction different from asexual reproduction? | In sexual reproduction, two cells contribute genetic material to the daughter cell, resulting in significantly greater variation.
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| What is the process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproducing organisms? | Meiosis
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| Meiosis has how many stages, how many daughter cells are created? | There are two stages Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, and it created 4 daughter cells.
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| How many chromosomes do the daughter cells contain from their parents? | 50 % or half as many.
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| Proceeding the events of meiosis what occurs? | Interphase
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| Using garden peas who discovered the basic principles of genetics? | Gregor Mendel! He was able to determine that the observable traits in peas were passed from one generation to the next
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| For every trait expressed in a sexually reproducing organism, there are at least two alternative versions of a gene, called | Alleles
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| What are the two traits that alleles can have? | Dominant and recessive
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| If both alleles are the same type the organism is to be.... | Homozygous
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| If they are different types, the organism is said to be.... | Heterozygous
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| Punnett square | A device that is used to predict genotype (the combination of alleles) and phenotype (what traits will be expressed) of the offspring of sexual reproduction.
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| Who described the structure of DNA and in what year? | Watson and Crick, 1953
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| Each gene along a strand of DNA is a template for protein synthesis. This production begins with a process called... | Transcription
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| What is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. | Transcription
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| What is the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome. | Messanger RNA (mRNA)
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| Why is polarity the most important characteristic of water? | The results of the polarity are hydrogen bonding, a high specific heat value, and it's versatile solvent properties
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| Athletes are often concerned with the question of what they need in their diets to increase muscle mass and strength. What biologic molecule would you recommend that would accomplish this? | Proteins
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| Which organelle would you expect to be present in a cell responsible for detoxifying multiple molecules? | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| A cell from heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually high proportion of: | Mitochondria
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| What part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP? | Electron transport chain
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| When plants do not receive enough water their photosynthetic rated drops. This is because..... | Water is a raw material for the light reactions in photosynthesis
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| Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle? | Both results in a net production of ATP and NADH
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| Why is it important for cells to undergo mitosis? | Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair of body tissues
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| 72 chromosomes will be in each gamete? | 36
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| How is information transformed to make a protein? | DNA-RNA-Proetin
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| If an organism is AaBb, what combinations in the gametes is impossible? | Its impossible for the gamete to have a aa combination.
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| What is the typical result of mitosis in humans? | Two diploid cells
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| How does water affect the temperature of a living thing? | Water keeps temperature stable
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| What kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA? | Covalent bond
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| What is the second part of an organism's scientific name? | Species
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| What is the longest phase in the life of a cell? | Interphase
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| What is the name for a cell that does NOT contain a nucleus? | Prokaryote
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| What is the name of the organelle that organizes protein synthesis? | Ribosome
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| What hormone is produced by the pineal gland? | Melatonin
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| How are lipids different than other organic molecules? | They are not water soluble
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