Human Structure and Function C10
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| Antibody mediated immunity | Immunity that is activated by antibodies and conferred by B cells
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| Antigen | A foreign substance that can go on to elicit immunity in the body
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| Bacteria | A microorganism typically made of one cell
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| Cell mediated immunity | Immunity that is conferred by T cells
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| Chemical mediators | A molecule that carries a message to promote phagocytosis and inflammation
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| Cytotoxic | A substance that is toxic to cells
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| Inflammation | A local tissue response to damage
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| Innate immunity | Non-specific defense present at birth
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| Lymph | Fluid from interstitial fluid that is found in the lymph vessels
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| Lymphocytes | White blood cells derived from bone marrow
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| Macrophages | A phagocytic cell of the immune system that is important in later stages of inflammation and repai
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| Microorganism | An organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye
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| Pathogen | A microorganism that causes disease
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| Phagocytosis | A process by which a cell engulfs and destroys another cell or foreign matter
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| Physical barriers | A part of the body that prevents entry of microorganisms to the body
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| Specific immunity | A targeted response against a specific pathogen
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| Spleen | An organ that responds to foreign matter and destroys defective red blood cells
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| Thymus | An organ in the body that is the site of T cell production and maturation
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| Tonsils | Large groups of lymphoid tissue in Nasopharynx and oral cavity
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| About 3% of microorganisms cause disease and are called ___ and 10% are called ____, which means they cause disease given the right conditions | Pathogens
Opportunistic pathogens
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| However, most microorganisms (~87%) are ____ to people and many are even beneficial. | Harmless
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| Bacteria and fungi can be grown in-vitro on what is called | A culture media
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| Culture media designed to allow some organisms to grow while suppressing the growth of other organisms are called ___. | Selective Media
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| Other media enable differences in microorganisms to be detected e.g. the ability to utilize lactose and these are called ____ media | Differential
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| The chemical nutrients required for growth will vary with the organism. Some organisms will only require simple ___ and ___ sources and some minerals while other organisms will require more complex constituents such as ___ and ___. | The chemical nutrients required for growth will vary with the organism. Some organisms will only require simple carbon and nitrogen sources and some minerals while other organisms will require more complex constituents such as amino acids and vitamins
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| Why do you think these locations had the most microbial growth? Fingernails and ear | The nails are difficult to clean, bacteria gets trapped. Ears often neglected, not washed or dried well. Both the nails and the ear are ‘open’ to external environment. The body is warm (37ºC) and moist, which is a good environment for microbial growth.
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| Plate #3 (Soil) shows highly variable microbial growth, both bacteria and fungi. Why is this? | Soil provides a perfect environment for microbial growth (moist, lots of nutrients) and the presence of bacteria and fungi is essential for healthy plant growth.
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| Plates #2 and #6 have very little microbial growth. Why is this? (Lab door handle, research benchtop) | The door handle (#2) is probably made of dry metal which is not conducive to microbial growth. The benchtop (#6) has little growth because it is cleaned regularly, and it is a dry surface.
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| Do you think all of the growth colonies from under the nails and the ear are harmful to humans or do some include natural flora? | There may be some harmful pathogens but most would be natural flora
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| Can you think of locations within the body where natural flora resides? | Skin, lower digestive system (ileum, colon) urinary tract (urethra), nose, pharynx, oral cavity, vagina
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| List factors that may influence microbial growth within an environment. | Temp, pH, moisture, nutrient availability, competition, oxygen OR lack of oxygen
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| Comment on the transmission of Glo Germ from the contaminated students to the transmission 1, 2 and 3 students. | The Glo Germ was transmitted to the other people with decreasing amounts as you go down the chain from the infected person
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| If the Glo Germ represented a real infection, what protected the body from becoming infected? | Skin
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| Is this part of innate or specific immunity? | Innate – skin forms a physical barrier
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| How might this protection be breached? | Cuts and abrasions break the barrier and allow microbes to enter
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| Firstly, we have physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes. If a pathogen breaches these barriers our next line of defence is an immediate ____ response such as inflammation | If a pathogen breaches these barriers our next line of defence is an immediate, but non-specific (innate) response such as inflammation
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| If pathogens evade or can’t be contained by non-specific (innate) responses we have a third layer of protection, the ___. | If pathogens evade or can’t be contained by non-specific (innate) responses we have a third layer of protection, the adaptive immune system
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| The adaptive immune system adapts its response during infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is retained after the pathogen has been eliminated - this is called ____. | The adaptive immune system adapts its response during infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is retained after the pathogen has been eliminated - this is called immunological memory.
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| What produces each of the following four features of the inflammation. Redness Heat / burning sensation | Redness
Increased blood supply to the area causes a reddened appearance
Haemoglobin (in red blood cells) closer to the skin surface
Heat / burning sensation
Increased blood supply to the area produces heat
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| What produces each of the following four features of the inflammation. Swelling | Swelling
Increased blood supply and permeability of capillaries allows fluid and cells to enter infected tissue causing swelling
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| What produces each of the following four features of the inflammation. Pain | Pain
Due to the swelling (oedema) of tissues within the area, pain receptors become compressed or distorted causing them to become stimulated or irritated. Chemicals released in the area may also irritate pain receptors
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| Why do you think Tom had? Fever | Important part of body's defence against infection. Bacteria and viruses causing infections thrive best at 37oC. Fever fights for person, not against, fever can promote activities of the immune system and inhibit replication of bacteria and viruses.
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| Why do you think Tom had Enlarged lymph nodes? | Bacteria enter circulatory system via permeable lymphatic capillaries. Travel through vessels, become trapped in lymph nodes. Immune cells recognise antigen, respond to remove threat. Immune cells differentiate and multiply, lead to nodes becoming bigger.
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| Why do you think Tom had aching body? | This symptom can be a consequence of toxins (poisonous waste products) released into the body from the bacteria. This can cause an all over achy body/muscle. Aching can also be due to dehydration.
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| Adaptive immunity | Bacteria within the body are recognised by immune cells as being antigens (foreign material). After the innate immune responses occur (e.g. inflammation, macrophage infiltration), the adaptive immune system may also be activated
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| Cell-mediated responses- Macrophages | Macrophages and other cells of the innate defences alert T cells (note – you don’t need to know the different types of T cells) that foreign antigens are present in the body.
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| Cell-mediated responses- T Cells | In body you have specific small populations of T cells that recognise different types of antigens. When antigen is recognised by specific T cell, T cell directly attacks infected cells, release chemicals that promote innate immune responses
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| Cell-mediated responses- T Cells & B Cells | T cells contribute to activation of B cells (antibody mediated responses)
A small population of T cells remain after infection is cleared – memory T cells. The memory T cells means the next time the threat can be fought faster
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| Antibody-mediated responses - B Cells | Once B cells are activated by the presence of the foreign antigen and with the help of T cells they differentiate into antibody releasing cells called plasma cells.
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| Antibody-mediated responses - Antibodies have many ways of eliminating antigen., some are...? | o binding to the antigen to inactivate it
o binding to several antigens together to form a “clump” of antigens and make them in effective.
o when an antibody binds to an antigen, the complex is then often phagocytised by macrophages.
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| Antibody-mediated responses after infection- | Like T cells, a small population of memory B cells remain after the infection is cleared and will help Tom fight off the strep infection faster next time.
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| Active immunity 1. natural Immunity produced by? Example? 2. artificial Immunity produced by? Example? | 1.
Produced by-Antigens introduced by natural exposure
Example-Exposure to pathogen, e.g. Chicken pox
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Produced-Antigens deliberately introduced
Example-Vaccine – e.g. polio
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| Passive Immunity 1. natural Immunity produced by? Example? 2. artificial Immunity produced by? Example? | 1.
Immunity produced by? Antibodies from the mother are transferred to child
Example? Via placenta or breast milk
2.
Immunity produced by?Antibodies produced by another person or animal are injected
Example? Rabies antiserum
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