Vocab for 23 & 24 Biology
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Halophile | An organism that can grow in, or favors environments that have very high salt concentrations
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| Bacillus | A rod-shaped bacterium
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| Coccus | A sphere-shaped bacterium
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| Spirillum | A spiral-shaped bacterium
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| Streptococcus | A coccus that grows with others in chains
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| Virulent | Describes a microorganism that causes disease and that is highly infectious; strictly, refers only to viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle
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| Oncogene | A gene that produces cancer, or uncontrolled cell proliferation
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| Viroid | An infectious agent that is made up of a short, circular, single strand of RNA that does not have a capsid; the smallest known particle that is able to replicate
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| Prion | An infectious particle that consists only of a protein and that does not contain DNA or RNA
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| Virus | A nonliving, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat; it can invade and destroy a cell
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| Envelope | A membranelike layer that covers the capsids of some viruses
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| Retrovirus | A virus that contains single-stranded RNA and produces a reverse transcriptase, which converts RNA to DNA
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| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria
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| Lytic cycle | A method of viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles
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| Virulent lysis | The event of a phage enzyme called a lysozyme digesting the cell wall, and up to to 200 new phage particles bursting from the bacterial cell
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| Lysogenic cycle | A method of viral replication in which a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell
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| Temperate virus | A virus whose replication includes the lysogenic cycle
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| Prophage | The viral genome (DNA) of a bacteriophage that has entered a bacterial cell, has become attached to the bacterial chromosome, and is replicated with the host bacterium's DNA
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| Inactivated virus | A commercially-prepared vaccine against various viral infections
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| Attenuated virus | A vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable
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| Vector | In biology, any agent, such as a plasmid or a virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and transfer that DNA from one organism to another; an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or a parasite to another organism
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| Antibiotic | A substance that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms
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| Conjugation | In algae and fungi, an exchange of genetic material that occurs between two temporarily joined cells; in prokaryotes, the process by which two organisms bind together and one cell transfers DNA to the other cell through a structure called a sec pilus
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| Obligate anaerobe | An organism that needs the absence of oxygen in order to live
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| Facultative anaerobe | An organism that can live with or without oxygen
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| Exotoxin | A potent, extracellular toxin secreted by some gram positive bacteria
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| Endotoxin | A toxin that occurs in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and that is released when the bacterial cell breaks apart
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| Antibiotic resistance | The ability of a population of bacteria to survive the lethal effects of an antibiotic
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| Pathology | The scientific study of disease
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