Sociology 4
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| Politics | is the process by which power is distributed and decisions are made.
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| Government | is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders.
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| Traditional | Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns
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| Charismatic | power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
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| Rational-Legal Authority | is power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations.
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| nation states | A unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.
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| Monarchy | A political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
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| Totalitarianism | A highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people’s lives.
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| Authoritarianism | Political system that denies popular participation in government
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| Democracy | the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives.
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| Representative democracy | Authority in hands of elected leaders chosen by people in elections
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| Pluralist model | An analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups.
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| Maintain law and order Plan and direct society Meet social needs Handle international relations | The functions of government
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| The power-elite model | is an analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich
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| C. Wright Mills | said the power elite comprises leaders at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government and the military.
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| Middle level | legislative branch of government, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders.
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| G. William Domhoff | - the nation has a ruling class – the corporate rich is a relatively fixed group of privileged people who wield sufficient power to constrain political processes and serve underlying capitalist interest
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| Economy | The social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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| Goods | are tangible objects that are necessary or desired.
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| Services | are activities for which people are willing to pay.
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| Labor | the group of people who contribute their physical and intellectual services to the production process in return for wages.
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| Capital | wealth owned or used in business by a person or corporation
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| Capitalism and Socialism | are the principal economic models in industrial and postindustrial countries
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| capitalism | An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned.
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| Private ownership of the means of production. Pursuit of personal profit. Competition. Lack of government intervention | four distinctive features of capitalism
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| Corporations | organizations that have legal powers such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners.
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| Transnational corporations | large corporations that are headquartered in one country but sell and produce goods and services in many countries
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| A tenet of capitalism | is that people can maximize their individual gain through personal profit and society will benefit through tax revenues.
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| The reality of capitalism | is that specific individuals gain, not necessarily the general public
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| Monopoly | The domination of a market by a single producer
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| Oligopoly | several companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry.
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| Conglomerate | combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.
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| socialism | Economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
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| Communism | economic system characterized by ownership of property by the proletariat (no private ownership of property), no government, people contribute according to their ability and receive according to their needs.
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| Democratic Socialism | an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections.
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| government | The formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society, and between the society and those outside its borders is:
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| democracy | A type of political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected officials is:
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| socialism | ________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
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| communism | ________ is an economic system characterized by common ownership of all economic resources.
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| democratic socialism | _________ is an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections.
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| traditional definition of family | A group of people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption, live together, are an economic unit, and raise children
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| new definition of family | Relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group.
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| Kinship | refers to a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
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| Family of orientation | is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.
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| Family of procreation | is the family a person forms by having or adopting children
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| An extended family | is composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household
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| A nuclear family | is composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives
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| cohabitation | Refers to two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.
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| marriage | Legally recognized arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations.
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| Monogamy | is an exclusive relationship between two people.
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| Serial Monogamy | a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.
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| polygamy | The concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.
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| Polyandry | is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.
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| Polygyny | is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.
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| infertility | Defined as an inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sexual relations
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| divorce | The legal process of dissolving a marriage that allows former spouses to remarry if they so choose
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| blended families | families which possibly consist of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage.
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| kinship | A social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption is:
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| nuclear family | A family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives is called:
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| family of orientation | The family one is born into and which early socialization takes place is:
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| blended families | Family that consists of a husband, wife, and children from previous marriages and children from the new marriage, (if any) is called a
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| symbolic interactionists | attempt to analyze how the family influences the individual’s self-concept and identity, examine the roles of husbands, wives, and children as they act out their own roles and react to the actions of others
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| Establishing social cohesion and a sense of belonging. Providing social control Providing meaning and purpose to life. | three functions of religion
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| Religion | A system of beliefs, practices, and philosophical values shared by a group of people; it defines the sacred, helps explain life, and offers salvation from the problems of human existence.
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| Supernaturalism | postulates the existence of non-personalized supernatural forces that can, and often do, influence human events.
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| Animism | the belief in inanimate, personalized spirits or ghosts of ancestors that take an interest in, and actively work to influence, human affairs.
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| Theism | belief in a god or gods.
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| Abstract ideals | focus on the achievement of personal awareness and a higher state of consciousness through correct ways of thinking and behaving rather than by manipulating spirits or worshipping gods
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| Church | Religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
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| Denominations | exist in societies where churches do not hold a religious monopoly – they are one religion among many
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| Sects | A religious group that forms usually to protest elements of a parent religion and deny the beliefs of others
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| Cults | A group of advocates for belief in something new or something that has been lost or forgotten, usually with a charismatic leader and an emphasis on esoteric ideologies
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| Karl Marx | Who said "religion is the opiate of the masses?”
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| a sect | A religious group that forms usually to protest elements of a parent religion and deny the beliefs of others is referred to as:
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| symbolic interactionism | To which sociological paradigm might this quote come from, “Group cohesion often occurs through the creation of shared symbols or a common value system."
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| Health | State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
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| Chronic diseases | are long term or lifelong, and develop gradually or are present from birth.
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| Acute diseases | strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death
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| heart disease and cancer | two leading causes of death in U.S.
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| alcohol and tobacco | two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death
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| Tobacco | is responsible for about one in every five deaths in this country.
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| Chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism | can cause permanent damage to the brain or other parts of the body
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| Smoking | Is most preventable health hazard in United States
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| Private Health Insurance | cited as the main reason for medical inflation, gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to increase costs.
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| Public Health Insurance | projections call for Medicaid spending to double and Medicare spending to triple in the next few years
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| fee-for-service | Medicine in the U.S., throughout history, has been ____________ where patients are billed individually for services. It is an expensive way to deliver health care
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| Pneumonia Worsening congestive heart failure Acute renal failure Cancer Urinary tract or kidney infection | Top 5 patient problems doctors failed to diagnose correctly
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| pays off only when the patient can afford to pay. | Critics maintain that the U.S. health insurance system does what?
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| Breakdown in communication during patient’s initial visit to doctor | One of the leading reasons for diagnostic errors, as reported in the Wall Street Journal article “Adding up Diagnosis Errors”, includes:
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