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Sociology 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Politics | is the process by which power is distributed and decisions are made. |
| Government | is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders. |
| Traditional | Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns |
| Charismatic | power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience. |
| Rational-Legal Authority | is power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations. |
| nation states | A unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations. |
| Monarchy | A political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation |
| Totalitarianism | A highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people’s lives. |
| Authoritarianism | Political system that denies popular participation in government |
| Democracy | the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives. |
| Representative democracy | Authority in hands of elected leaders chosen by people in elections |
| Pluralist model | An analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups. |
| Maintain law and order Plan and direct society Meet social needs Handle international relations | The functions of government |
| The power-elite model | is an analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich |
| C. Wright Mills | said the power elite comprises leaders at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government and the military. |
| Middle level | legislative branch of government, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders. |
| G. William Domhoff | - the nation has a ruling class – the corporate rich is a relatively fixed group of privileged people who wield sufficient power to constrain political processes and serve underlying capitalist interest |
| Economy | The social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. |
| Goods | are tangible objects that are necessary or desired. |
| Services | are activities for which people are willing to pay. |
| Labor | the group of people who contribute their physical and intellectual services to the production process in return for wages. |
| Capital | wealth owned or used in business by a person or corporation |
| Capitalism and Socialism | are the principal economic models in industrial and postindustrial countries |
| capitalism | An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned. |
| Private ownership of the means of production. Pursuit of personal profit. Competition. Lack of government intervention | four distinctive features of capitalism |
| Corporations | organizations that have legal powers such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners. |
| Transnational corporations | large corporations that are headquartered in one country but sell and produce goods and services in many countries |
| A tenet of capitalism | is that people can maximize their individual gain through personal profit and society will benefit through tax revenues. |
| The reality of capitalism | is that specific individuals gain, not necessarily the general public |
| Monopoly | The domination of a market by a single producer |
| Oligopoly | several companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry. |
| Conglomerate | combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company. |
| socialism | Economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making. |
| Communism | economic system characterized by ownership of property by the proletariat (no private ownership of property), no government, people contribute according to their ability and receive according to their needs. |
| Democratic Socialism | an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. |
| government | The formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society, and between the society and those outside its borders is: |
| democracy | A type of political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected officials is: |
| socialism | ________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making. |
| communism | ________ is an economic system characterized by common ownership of all economic resources. |
| democratic socialism | _________ is an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. |
| traditional definition of family | A group of people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption, live together, are an economic unit, and raise children |
| new definition of family | Relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group. |
| Kinship | refers to a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption |
| Family of orientation | is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place. |
| Family of procreation | is the family a person forms by having or adopting children |
| An extended family | is composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household |
| A nuclear family | is composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives |
| cohabitation | Refers to two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married. |
| marriage | Legally recognized arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations. |
| Monogamy | is an exclusive relationship between two people. |
| Serial Monogamy | a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time. |
| polygamy | The concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex. |
| Polyandry | is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men. |
| Polygyny | is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women. |
| infertility | Defined as an inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sexual relations |
| divorce | The legal process of dissolving a marriage that allows former spouses to remarry if they so choose |
| blended families | families which possibly consist of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage. |
| kinship | A social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption is: |
| nuclear family | A family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives is called: |
| family of orientation | The family one is born into and which early socialization takes place is: |
| blended families | Family that consists of a husband, wife, and children from previous marriages and children from the new marriage, (if any) is called a |
| symbolic interactionists | attempt to analyze how the family influences the individual’s self-concept and identity, examine the roles of husbands, wives, and children as they act out their own roles and react to the actions of others |
| Establishing social cohesion and a sense of belonging. Providing social control Providing meaning and purpose to life. | three functions of religion |
| Religion | A system of beliefs, practices, and philosophical values shared by a group of people; it defines the sacred, helps explain life, and offers salvation from the problems of human existence. |
| Supernaturalism | postulates the existence of non-personalized supernatural forces that can, and often do, influence human events. |
| Animism | the belief in inanimate, personalized spirits or ghosts of ancestors that take an interest in, and actively work to influence, human affairs. |
| Theism | belief in a god or gods. |
| Abstract ideals | focus on the achievement of personal awareness and a higher state of consciousness through correct ways of thinking and behaving rather than by manipulating spirits or worshipping gods |
| Church | Religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society |
| Denominations | exist in societies where churches do not hold a religious monopoly – they are one religion among many |
| Sects | A religious group that forms usually to protest elements of a parent religion and deny the beliefs of others |
| Cults | A group of advocates for belief in something new or something that has been lost or forgotten, usually with a charismatic leader and an emphasis on esoteric ideologies |
| Karl Marx | Who said "religion is the opiate of the masses?” |
| a sect | A religious group that forms usually to protest elements of a parent religion and deny the beliefs of others is referred to as: |
| symbolic interactionism | To which sociological paradigm might this quote come from, “Group cohesion often occurs through the creation of shared symbols or a common value system." |
| Health | State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being |
| Chronic diseases | are long term or lifelong, and develop gradually or are present from birth. |
| Acute diseases | strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death |
| heart disease and cancer | two leading causes of death in U.S. |
| alcohol and tobacco | two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death |
| Tobacco | is responsible for about one in every five deaths in this country. |
| Chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism | can cause permanent damage to the brain or other parts of the body |
| Smoking | Is most preventable health hazard in United States |
| Private Health Insurance | cited as the main reason for medical inflation, gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to increase costs. |
| Public Health Insurance | projections call for Medicaid spending to double and Medicare spending to triple in the next few years |
| fee-for-service | Medicine in the U.S., throughout history, has been ____________ where patients are billed individually for services. It is an expensive way to deliver health care |
| Pneumonia Worsening congestive heart failure Acute renal failure Cancer Urinary tract or kidney infection | Top 5 patient problems doctors failed to diagnose correctly |
| pays off only when the patient can afford to pay. | Critics maintain that the U.S. health insurance system does what? |
| Breakdown in communication during patient’s initial visit to doctor | One of the leading reasons for diagnostic errors, as reported in the Wall Street Journal article “Adding up Diagnosis Errors”, includes: |
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